{"id":10386,"date":"2023-04-25T21:00:49","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T19:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=10386"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:14","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:14","slug":"zahranicny-obchod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/zahranicny-obchod\/","title":{"rendered":"Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod<\/h2>\n

Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod je ch\u00e1pan\u00fd ako v\u00fdsledok medzin\u00e1rodnej de\u013eby pr\u00e1ce MDP<\/a>, \u010do je produkcia vyroben\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci \u0161pecializ\u00e1cie v\u00fdrobcov v jednotliv\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch sa vymie\u0148aj\u00fa pr\u00e1ve pomocou zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu, je to t\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 obchodu, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje v\u00fdmenu so zahrani\u010d\u00edm.
\nZahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod = export + import = obrat zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu<\/strong>
\nZahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pre vonkaj\u0161ie ekonomick\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy. Vplyv t\u00fdchto vz\u0165ahov na hospod\u00e1rsky rozvoj kraj\u00edn sa prehlbuje hlavne v povojnovom v\u00fdvoji svetov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva. Pozn\u00e1vac\u00edm znakom tohto obdobia je relat\u00edvne r\u00fdchle tempo hospod\u00e1rskeho rastu.
\nTak isto sa toto obdobie sp\u00e1ja s rozvojom medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch hospod\u00e1rskych vz\u0165ahov, hospod\u00e1rskej spolupr\u00e1ce a integr\u00e1cie. V tejto dobe sa d\u00e1 poveda\u0165, \u0163e zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod patr\u00ed k rozhoduj\u00facim faktorom, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa ekonomick\u00fd rast jednotliv\u00fdch ekonom\u00edk a aj ekonom\u00edk sveta.
\nZahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod je obchod jednej n\u00e1rodnej ekonomiky s inou n\u00e1rodnou ekonomikou resp. viacer\u00fdmi n\u00e1rodn\u00fdmi ekonomikami, kde tovar alebo slu\u0163by prekra\u010duj\u00fa hranice \u0161t\u00e1tu prostredn\u00edctvom obchodn\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed naj\u010dastej\u0161ie formou v\u00fdvozu. Zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa ekonomick\u00e9, politick\u00e9, kult\u00farne, finan\u010dn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy.
\nPomocou zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu formou v\u00fdvozu a dovozu sa realizuj\u00fa v\u0161etky ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy\/vstupy z\/do n\u00e1rodnej ekonomiky a to aj bez oh\u013eadu na charakter \u00fa\u0163itkovej hodnoty (fyzick\u00fd tovar, know how, patenty, vyn\u00e1lezy, autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1va) a oblas\u0165 ich vzniku (sf\u00e9ra, v\u00fdroby, v\u00fdmeny). V u\u0163\u0161om zmysle sa ch\u00e1pe ako v\u00fdmena hmotn\u00e9ho tovaru a v \u0161ir\u0161om slova zmysle ako pohyb tovaru a slu\u0163ieb. ( Ru\u0163ekov\u00e1 et al., 2013, s. 23-24)<\/p>\n

Svetov\u00fd obchod<\/h3>\n

Svetov\u00fd obchod je s\u00fahrn v\u0161etk\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch obchodov v\u0161etk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn.
\nSvetov\u00fd obchod<\/a> = \u2211 zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch obchodov zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn svetovej de\u013eby pr\u00e1ce<\/p>\n

Obchodn\u00e1 bilancia<\/h3>\n

Obchodn\u00e1 bilancia<\/a> \u2013 saldo obchodnej bilancie<\/a> m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 akt\u00edvne, pas\u00edvne alebo vyrovnan\u00e9.
\nZahrani\u010dn\u00fdm obchodom<\/a> sa rozumie aj \u00fasek n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva danej krajiny zahr\u0148uj\u00faci \u010das\u0165 obehu tovaru, ktor\u00fd prekra\u010duje jej \u0161t\u00e1tne hranice. Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod sp\u00e1ja n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rstvo krajiny so svetov\u00fdmi hospod\u00e1rstvami, rozumieme t\u00fdm export (v\u00fdvoz) a import(dovoz) tovarov a slu\u017eieb do zahrani\u010dia a zo zahrani\u010dia.
\nV\u00fdsledkom exportu ako aj importu<\/a> tovarov je spravidla vykazovan\u00fd za jeden rok v r\u00e1mci platobnej bilancie na \u00fa\u010det obchodnej bilancie. T\u00e1to obchodn\u00e1 bilancia nezahr\u0148uje obchod so slu\u017ebami, pova\u017euje sa za dobr\u00fd indik\u00e1tor v\u00fdvoja zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu danej krajiny, nako\u013eko podiel slu\u017eieb na celkovom objeme zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu je celosvetovo chab\u00fd. Niekedy sa stret\u00e1vame aj s vyjadreniami, kde je v\u00fdsledok zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu ch\u00e1pan\u00fd so saldom obchodnej bilancie aj ke\u010f to nie je \u00faplne pravda. Ke\u010f spo\u010d\u00edtame sald\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu jednotliv\u00fdch kraj\u00edn sveta dostaneme \u00farove\u0148, alebo ak chceme aj objem medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho, \u010di svetov\u00e9ho obchodu.
\nFenom\u00e9nom \u013eudskej civiliz\u00e1cie sa stal medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod a ten sa uskuto\u010d\u0148oval u\u017e v dob\u00e1ch d\u00e1vno minul\u00fdch. Svetov\u00fd obchod sa d\u00e1 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 aj ako pohyb tovarov spolu so slu\u017ebami medzi medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdmi hranicami a \u00fazemiami, ktor\u00fd vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine kraj\u00edn predstavuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd podiel na tvorbe HDP. Rozmach nastal a\u017e v druhej polovici 20. Storo\u010dia, v dobe komunika\u010dn\u00fdch a informa\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a hlavne pomocou celkovej ekonomickej globaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed vyspel\u00e9ho sveta. (V roku 2005 dosiahol objem medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu 10121 mld. USD a rastie nepretr\u017eite u\u017e viac ako 20 rokov World Trade Report 2006, str. 53)<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 na zahrani\u010dnom obchode<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdvoj n\u00e1m poukazuje na to, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je krajina v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia a m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det obyvate\u013eov t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom aj v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e1ci trh, t\u00fdm menej je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu. Je to v\u0161ak obmedzen\u00e9 napr\u00edklad \u00farov\u0148ou technol\u00f3gie danej krajiny ako aj jej pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi danos\u0165ami.
\nNapr\u00edklad USA alebo Rusk\u00e1 feder\u00e1cia s\u00fa dobr\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom, tu podiel zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu na tvorbe HDP je relat\u00edvne ve\u013emi n\u00edzky. SR je mal\u00e1 otvoren\u00e1 ekonomika v\u00fdrazne z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na \u00faspechoch svojej produkcie na zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch trhoch, je to sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 mal\u00fdm rozsahom vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho trhu v spojen\u00ed s ve\u013ekou priemyselnou kapacitou nedostatkom surov\u00edn pre priemyseln\u00fa v\u00fdrobu a teda nutnos\u0165 ich financovania pr\u00edjmami z exportu geopoliticky a ekonomicky v\u00fdznamnou polohou uprostred Eur\u00f3py, povedzme, \u017ee na kri\u017eovatke mnoh\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch obchodn\u00fdch ciest. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je funk\u010dn\u00e1 otvorenos\u0165 ekonomiky pr\u00e1ve toto je ukazovate\u013e porovn\u00e1vaj\u00faci obrat zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu k \u0148ou vytvoren\u00e9mu HDP, \u010d\u00edm je tento ukazovate\u013e vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, t\u00fdm je krajina viac zapojen\u00e1 do zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu v porovnan\u00ed k jej ekonomickej ve\u013ekosti vyjadrenej pr\u00e1ve pomocou HDP.<\/p>\n

Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod<\/h2>\n

Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod zah\u0155\u0148a v r\u00e1mci kraj\u00edn medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho zoskupenia medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa v\u00fdmenu tovarov a slu\u017eieb. M\u00e1 nezastupite\u013en\u00e9 miesto pre roz\u0161irovanie spotrebn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed krajiny, preto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje krajine spotrebova\u0165 viac tovaru, ako by dok\u00e1zala spotrebova\u0165 v situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, ak by boli hranice uzatvoren\u00e9. MO umo\u017e\u0148uje roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 sortiment spotreby o statky, ktor\u00e9 krajina r\u00f4znych d\u00f4vodov nie je schopn\u00e1 vyrobi\u0165 toto je pr\u00ednosom. ZO je jeden zo sp\u00f4sobov zapojenia n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva jednej krajiny do medzin\u00e1rodnej de\u013eby, ale v r\u00e1mci postavenia je samostatn\u00fd.
\nMedzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod je ve\u013emi starou formou medzin\u00e1rodnej ekonomickej spolupr\u00e1ce. Historicky teda najstar\u0161ou podobou vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. V dne\u0161nej dobe je sp\u00e4t\u00fd s fenom\u00e9nom globaliz\u00e1cie a s rast\u00facim v\u00fdznamom medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov nie len v oblasti ekon\u00f3mie. Jedn\u00e1 sa tu o ve\u013emi star\u00fa formu ekonomick\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov s v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm vplyvom pre fungovanie a prosperitu ekonomiky, zaober\u00e1 sa nimi ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo smerov a te\u00f3ri\u00ed hlavne Merkantilisti<\/a> a Klasick\u00e1 ekon\u00f3mia<\/a>. (Mula\u010dov\u00e1 et al., 2013, s. 439)
\nMedzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod m\u00e1 pre teraj\u0161iu ekonomiku naozaj k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd v\u00fdznam av\u0161ak nie v\u0161etky ekonomiky sa zapojuj\u00fa do obchodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov zo zahrani\u010d\u00edm rovnako intenz\u00edvne. Otvorenos\u0165 ekonomiky resp. mieru zapojenia krajiny do\u00a0 medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu m\u00f4\u017eeme mera\u0165 r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi. Najjednoduch\u0161\u00edm je meranie podielu hospod\u00e1rskej \u010dinnosti venovanej medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu. Konkr\u00e9tne je mo\u0163n\u00e9 mera\u0165 podiel importu, exportu alebo zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu ako celku vo\u010di HDP danej ekonomiky.<\/p>\n

\u00dalohy zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu v ekonomike<\/h2>\n

Medzi 20. a 21. storo\u010dia pri\u0161la te\u00f3ria a prax medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi premenami. Medzi hlavn\u00e9 d\u00f4vody je zmena trhov\u00fdch podmienok, ktor\u00e9 so sebou prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa postupn\u00fd proces globaliz\u00e1cie. Tempo rastu uzatv\u00e1rania medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch obchodov prev\u00fd\u0161ilo tempo rastu vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tneho obchodovania koncom 90. rokov. Firmy, tovar aj spotrebitelia prestali by\u0165 n\u00e1rodn\u00fdmi a stali sa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou celosvetov\u00e9ho trhu. D\u00f4vody ur\u00fdchlenia boli technologick\u00e1 expanzia, liberaliz\u00e1cia medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu, glob\u00e1lne verejn\u00fdch ako aj s\u00fakromn\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed a n\u00e1stup konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia. (\u010cernohl\u00e1vkov\u00e1, Plchov\u00e1, 2005)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod je ch\u00e1pan\u00fd ako v\u00fdsledok medzin\u00e1rodnej de\u013eby pr\u00e1ce MDP, \u010do je produkcia vyroben\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci \u0161pecializ\u00e1cie v\u00fdrobcov v jednotliv\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch sa vymie\u0148aj\u00fa … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":25125,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,549],"tags":[148,219],"class_list":["post-10386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obchod","category-pracujem","tag-globalizacia","tag-zahranicny-obchod"],"yoast_head":"\nZahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd obchod a zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod. \u00dalohy zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu v ekonomike. 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