{"id":10390,"date":"2023-04-24T20:53:16","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T18:53:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=10390"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:14","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:14","slug":"platby-a-uhrady-v-oblasti-zahranicneho-obchodu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/platby-a-uhrady-v-oblasti-zahranicneho-obchodu\/","title":{"rendered":"Platby a \u00fahrady v oblasti zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Je nevyhnutn\u00e9 na lep\u0161ie orientovanie sa v <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/zahranicny-obchod-politika-a-nastroje-zahranicneho-obchodu\/\">problematike zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu<\/a>, objasni\u0165 si hlavn\u00e9 pojmy z terminologick\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu platobnej bilancie. Podstatou je vymedzenie platieb, platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov, a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch pojmov.<\/p>\n<h2>Platba<\/h2>\n<p>Platbou sa predstavuje presun platobn\u00e9ho prostriedku naj\u010dastej\u0161ie za \u00fa\u010delom vyrovnania z\u00e1v\u00e4zku a poh\u013ead\u00e1vky, s\u00favis\u00ed s realiza\u010dnou f\u00e1zou pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu. Pre platbu je charakteristick\u00e9, \u017ee ide o presun platobn\u00e9ho prostriedku \u010di hotovostn\u00e9ho alebo bezhotovostn\u00e9ho z dev\u00edzovej cudziny do vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho obehu, alebo aj naopak, z h\u013eadiska medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho platobn\u00e9ho styku. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 platba vpl\u00fdva na platobn\u00fa bilanciu pr\u00edslu\u0161nej krajiny. Pri inkase z cudziny sa jedn\u00e1 o pr\u00edlev platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov tak, \u017ee zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v cudzine, ale pre\u0161li do vlastn\u00edctva PO alebo FO, popr\u00edpade in\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed alebo org\u00e1nov danej krajiny. Pri \u00fahrad\u00e1ch ide o presun platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov z danej krajiny do cudziny alebo o ich prevod v cudzine, ke\u010f pre\u0161li z vlastn\u00edctva, resp. dispozi\u010dnej pr\u00e1vomoci dom\u00e1cich FO a PO do vlastn\u00edctva, resp. dispozi\u010dnej pr\u00e1vomoci cudzincov. (Jankovsk\u00e1,1994)<\/p>\n<h2>Inkaso<\/h2>\n<p>Inkaso vyvol\u00e1va:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rast alebo vznik zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov ( pr\u00edkladom \u010derpania \u00faverov zo zahrani\u010dia alebo o prijatie preddavkov na tovary zo zahrani\u010dia a pod.),<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1nik alebo pokles zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch poh\u013ead\u00e1vok (pr\u00edkladom je ke\u010f inkaso za sk\u00f4r vyvezen\u00e9 tovary a slu\u017eby do zahrani\u010dia na spl\u00e1tky \u00faveru alebo \u00faver poskytnut\u00e9ho zahrani\u010diu sk\u00f4r a pod.),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00dahrada do zahrani\u010dia<\/h2>\n<p>\u00dahrada do zahrani\u010dia znamen\u00e1 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rast alebo vznik zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch poh\u013ead\u00e1vok ( pr\u00edkladom je \u00faver poskytnut\u00fd do zahrani\u010dia),<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1nik alebo pokles zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov (pr\u00edkladom je \u00fahrada za tovary sk\u00f4r dovezen\u00e9 zo zahrani\u010dia na spl\u00e1tku alebo \u00faver sk\u00f4r prijat\u00e9ho zo zahrani\u010dia a pod. (http:\/\/www.derivat.sk)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 platby<\/h2>\n<p>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 platby \u010dlen\u00edme na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>obchodn\u00e9 platby,<\/li>\n<li>neobchodn\u00e9 platby.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Obchodn\u00e9 platby<\/h3>\n<p>Obchodn\u00e9 platby n\u00e1m zobrazuj\u00fa vyrovnanie z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov a poh\u013ead\u00e1vok, aj in\u00e9 presuny platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov v nepriamej alebo priamej s\u00favz\u0165a\u017enosti s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/obchod\/zahranicny-obchod\/osobitne-druhy-zahranicnoobchodnych-operacii\/\">oper\u00e1ciami zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu<\/a> (s v\u00fdvozom a dovozom tovarov, slu\u017eieb a pr\u00e1c priemyselnej v\u00fdrobnej povahy). Obchodn\u00e9 platby tovarov\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa inkas\u00e1 za vyvezen\u00e9 tovary, pr\u00e1ce a v\u00fdkony priemyselnej v\u00fdrobnej povahy, jednak \u00fahrady za dovezen\u00e9 tovary, v\u00fdkony a pr\u00e1ce priemyselnej v\u00fdrobnej povahy.<br \/>\nNaopak do skupiny obchodn\u00fdch platieb netovarov\u00fdch patria \u00fahrady a inkas\u00e1 za rozli\u010dn\u00e9 obchodn\u00e9 slu\u017eby a za ved\u013eaj\u0161ie n\u00e1klady na tovar, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu s\u00favisie\u0165 s oper\u00e1ciami zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu bu\u010f priamo ako je preprava tovaru, skladn\u00e9, \u0161ped\u00edcia, poistn\u00e9 a in\u00e9, alebo nepriamo ako inkas\u00e1 a \u00fahrady za licencie, patenty, ochrann\u00e9 z\u00e1mky, v\u00fddavky spojen\u00e9 s \u00fa\u010das\u0165ou na ve\u013etrhoch a v\u00fdstav\u00e1ch a in\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Neobchodn\u00e9 platby<\/h3>\n<p>Neobchodn\u00e9 platby nemaj\u00fa s\u00favis s oper\u00e1ciami zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu, ale ide o r\u00f4zne platobn\u00e9 d\u00f4vody vych\u00e1dzaj\u00face z neobchodn\u00fdch stykov so zahrani\u010d\u00edm ako z kult\u00farnych, vedeck\u00fdch, \u0161portov\u00fdch, diplomatick\u00fdch a in\u00fdch stykov, \u010falej z rozli\u010dn\u00fdch majetkovo pr\u00e1vnych transakci\u00ed z pohybu \u013eud\u00ed za pr\u00e1cou a rekre\u00e1ciou, popr\u00edpade in\u00fdch platobn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov uskuto\u010d\u0148ovan\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. Samostatn\u00e1 skupina neobchodn\u00fdch platieb predstavuj\u00fa napr\u00edklad bankov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, najm\u00e4 konverzie, arbitr\u00e1\u017ee, swapov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie a pod. (Jankovsk\u00e1, 1994)<\/p>\n<h2>Platobn\u00e9 prostriedky<\/h2>\n<p>Platobn\u00fdmi prostriedkami s\u00fa zlato, dev\u00edzy, valuty a od nich odvoden\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00e9 deriv\u00e1ty. Bankovky, \u0161t\u00e1tovky a v\u0161etky druhy minc\u00ed s\u00fa valutami, ktor\u00e9 obiehaj\u00fa v cudz\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1toch, teda mimo hran\u00edc materskej krajiny. Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 a dlhodob\u00e9 pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 poh\u013ead\u00e1vky znej\u00face na cudziu menu a splatn\u00e9 v cudzine s\u00fa dev\u00edzy, tie maj\u00fa pomerne \u010dasto podobu zmeniek, \u0161ekov aj \u010fal\u0161\u00edch CP vystaven\u00fdch na cudziu menu a splatn\u00fdch v cudzine, patria do bezhotovostn\u00e9ho medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho obehu. Pou\u017e\u00edvanie zlata v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch platb\u00e1ch je rozdielne upraven\u00e9 z\u00e1konmi v jednotliv\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch. (http:\/\/www.derivat.sk\/,)<\/p>\n<h3>Export<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Export<\/strong> alebo v\u00fdvoz v ekonomike \u0161t\u00e1tu patr\u00ed medzi mikroekonomick\u00e9 pojmy pre celkov\u00fd objem produktov a slu\u017eieb nakupovan\u00fd zahrani\u010dn\u00fdmi subjektmi vo finan\u010dnom vyjadren\u00ed. Ale naopak ak je \u010das\u0165 produkcie nak\u00fapen\u00e9ho dom\u00e1cimi subjektmi v zahrani\u010d\u00ed sa ozna\u010duje ako import \u010di\u017ee dovoz. \u010cist\u00fdm exportom je ozna\u010dovan\u00fd pojem rozdielu medzi v\u00fdvozom a dovozom. Export v praxi zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etky hodnoty ako aj licencie, autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1va a in\u00e9. Ak je export vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako import, je to na z\u00e1klade dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska pozit\u00edvny dopad na ekonomiku \u0161t\u00e1tu lebo to v podstate znamen\u00e1 prebytok platobnej bilancie a n\u00e1rast HDP \u0161t\u00e1tu. Ale je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby bol export a import vyrovnan\u00fd. (https:\/\/managementmania.com\/sk\/export-v-ekonomike)<\/p>\n<h3>Import<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Import<\/strong> alebo dovoz je celkov\u00fd objem produktov a slu\u017eieb dovezen\u00fd na \u00fazemie \u0161t\u00e1tu zo zahrani\u010dia. Je opakom exportu. Import zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etky hodnoty aj licencie a autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1va a in\u00e9. Ak je import vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako export, m\u00e1 to z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska negat\u00edvny dopad na ekonomiku \u0161t\u00e1tu, lebo to znamen\u00e1 schodok platobnej bilancie a \u00fabytok HDP \u0161t\u00e1tu. Celkov\u00fd objem importu spolu s exportom je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm makroekonomick\u00fdm ukazovate\u013eom a m\u00e1 vplyv na platobn\u00fa bilanciu ako aj na HDP \u0161t\u00e1tu. Preto by mal by\u0165 export a import vyrovnan\u00fd. (https:\/\/managementmania.com\/sk\/import)<\/p>\n<h3>Podnik<\/h3>\n<p>Pod\u013ea Obchodn\u00e9ho z\u00e1konn\u00edka 513\/ 1991 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/podnik-a-jeho-znaky\/\">sa podnikom rozumie<\/a>: \u201e<em>s\u00fabor hmotn\u00fdch, ako aj osobn\u00fdch a nehmotn\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek podnikania. K podniku patria veci, pr\u00e1ca a in\u00e9 majetkov\u00e9 hodnoty, ktor\u00e9 patria podnikate\u013eovi a sl\u00fa\u017eia na prev\u00e1dzkovanie podniku alebo vzh\u013eadom na svoju povahu maj\u00fa tomuto \u00fa\u010delu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165. Obchodn\u00fdm majetkom na \u00fa\u010dely tohto z\u00e1kona sa<\/em> <em>rozumie s\u00fahrn majetkov\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t (vec\u00ed, poh\u013ead\u00e1vok a in\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a peniazmi ocenite\u013en\u00fdch in\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t), ktor\u00e9 patria podnikate\u013eovi a sl\u00fa\u017eia alebo s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 na jeho podnikanie. S\u00fabor obchodn\u00e9ho majetku a z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov vzniknut\u00fdch podnikate\u013eovi v s\u00favislosti s podnikan\u00edm ozna\u010dujeme ako obchodn\u00e9 imanie. \u010cist\u00fdm obchodn\u00fdm iman\u00edm je obchodn\u00fd majetok po odpo\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov vzniknut\u00fdch podnikate\u013eovi v s\u00favislosti s podnikan\u00edm. Vlastn\u00e9 imanie tvoria vlastn\u00e9 zdroje financovania obchodn\u00e9ho majetku podnikate\u013ea pod\u013ea osobitn\u00e9ho predpisu<\/em>.\u201c (http:\/\/www.zakonypreludi.sk\/zz\/1991-513)<\/p>\n<h3>Obchod<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Obchod<\/strong> spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vyu\u017e\u00edva na vymie\u0148anie tovarov u\u017e ve\u013emi d\u00e1vno. Na za\u010diatku \u013eudia obchodovali na z\u00e1klade princ\u00edpu b\u00e1rtrov\u00e9ho obchodu, vymie\u0148ali si svoje produkty, slu\u017eby a tovary medzi sebou navz\u00e1jom. Takto uspokojovali svoje potreby, v\u00fdznam slova obchod je rozsiahly nako\u013eko neobchoduj\u00fa len jednotlivci, ale aj krajiny navz\u00e1jom. T\u00fdm, \u017ee vznikli peniaze z\u00edskali produkty, slu\u017eby aj tovary svoju cenu a za\u010dali sa vymie\u0148a\u0165 za peniaze. \u0160t\u00e1ty medzi sebou slu\u017eby, produkty a slu\u017eby pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa, dov\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa a vyv\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa, a vznik\u00e1 pr\u00fadenie tovarov, to je hlavnou n\u00e1pl\u0148ou medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho obchodu, naz\u00fdvame toto pr\u00fadenie exportom a importom hmotn\u00fdch aj nehmotn\u00fdch statkov.<\/p>\n<h3>Obchodn\u00edk<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Obchodn\u00edk<\/strong> by mal pri svojich rozhodnutiach vych\u00e1dza\u0165 z aktu\u00e1lnych pomerov na trhu. Prirodzen\u00fdm konan\u00edm je nakupovanie \u010do najlacnej\u0161\u00edch tovarov a slu\u017eieb a ich pred\u00e1vanie kupcom, ktor\u00ed pon\u00faknu cenu najvy\u0161\u0161iu. Na z\u00e1klade toho sa spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj krajiny pri exporte a importe. \u0160t\u00e1t pri exporte vyv\u00e1\u017ea na z\u00e1klade tohto princ\u00edpu v\u0161etko, \u010do vyprodukuje lacnej\u0161ie ako ostatn\u00e9 krajiny, naopak pri importe \u0161t\u00e1t dov\u00e1\u017ea v\u0161etko, \u010do lacnej\u0161ie produkuj\u00fa ostatn\u00ed. (Salvatore, Mc Graw, 1983)<\/p>\n<h2>Platby a platobn\u00e9 prostriedky<\/h2>\n<p>Platba predstavuje presun platobn\u00e9ho prostriedku a je ekonomickou podstatou, pri\u010dom naj\u010dastej\u0161ie ide o vyrovnanie poh\u013ead\u00e1vky alebo z\u00e1v\u00e4zku z rozli\u010dn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov, ide o realiza\u010dn\u00fa f\u00e1zu pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu. Z\u00e1kladnou \u010drtou platby je \u017ee sa jedn\u00e1 o presun platobn\u00e9ho prostriedku z vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho obehu do cudziny alebo naopak z cudziny do vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho obehu. Javov\u00e1 podoba takejto platby je vo forme inkasa z cudziny alebo \u00fahrady do cudziny. Inkaso znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ide o pr\u00edlev platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov z cudziny do krajiny, ktor\u00e1 zostavuje platobn\u00fa bilanciu, dokonca aj pr\u00edlev platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov, na z\u00e1klade ktor\u00e9ho platobn\u00e9 prostriedky s\u00face ost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v cudzine, kde sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa vlastn\u00edctvom, maj\u00fa ich v dispozi\u010dnej pr\u00e1vomoci FO a PO, in\u0161tit\u00facie alebo org\u00e1ny krajiny zostavuj\u00facej platobn\u00fa bilanciu. (Jankovsk\u00e1, 2003)<\/p>\n<h3>Zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 inkaso a \u00fahrada<\/h3>\n<p>Zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 inkas\u00e1 a \u00fahrady vo ve\u013ekej miere nadv\u00e4zuj\u00fa na transakcie, ktor\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pohybu slu\u017eieb a tovarov, tak\u00e9muto pohybu m\u00f4\u017ee predch\u00e1dza\u0165 pohyb pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fdch fondov, tento pohyb pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fdch fondov medzi krajinami sa nemus\u00ed v\u017edy zaklada\u0165 na pohybe tovarov\u00fdch fondov a z\u00e1konite s n\u00edm s\u00favisie\u0165. Spojenie medzi poh\u013ead\u00e1vkami a z\u00e1v\u00e4zky ako aj spojenie medzi inkasami a \u00fahradami sa zaklad\u00e1 vo ve\u013ekej miere na \u00faverov\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch, tie vznikaj\u00fa medzi verite\u013eom a dl\u017en\u00edkom.<br \/>\nPod\u013ea z\u00e1kona \u010d.202\/ 1995 Z.z. Dev\u00edzov\u00fd z\u00e1kon v znen\u00ed neskor\u0161\u00edch predpisov s\u00fa dev\u00edzov\u00fdmi hodnotami pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 prostriedky v cudzej mene, zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 CP, zlato a finan\u010dn\u00e9 deriv\u00e1ty. Finan\u010dn\u00e9 deriv\u00e1ty pod t\u00fdmto pojmom rozumie tento z\u00e1kon pr\u00e1va ale aj z\u00e1v\u00e4zky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ocenite\u013en\u00e9 peniazmi a odvoden\u00e9 od pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fdch prostriedkov v cudzej mene, zlata a zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch CP. Tento z\u00e1kon rozumie pojem zlato ako svetovo obchodovate\u013en\u00e9 zliatky zlata, s vyzna\u010denou r\u00fddzos\u0165ou alebo s pripojen\u00fdm osved\u010den\u00edm vydan\u00fdm opr\u00e1vnen\u00fdmi osobami. Tak\u00fdto zoznam vedie N\u00e1rodn\u00e1 banka Slovenska. Cenn\u00fdmi papiermi rozumie z\u00e1kon listinu, alebo z\u00e1pis, ktor\u00fd ju nahradzuje a ten sa sp\u00e1ja s pr\u00e1vom \u00fa\u010dasti na majetku alebo pr\u00e1vo na pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 plnenie. Dev\u00edzami s\u00fa kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 ale aj dlhodob\u00e9 poh\u013ead\u00e1vky pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho charakteru, tie znej\u00fa do cudzej meny a s\u00fa splatn\u00e9 v cudzine. Predstavuj\u00fa to hlavne poh\u013ead\u00e1vky dom\u00e1cich subjektov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa formu kreditov na \u00fa\u010dtov v bank\u00e1ch v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 znej\u00fa na cudzie meno. Tie m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 podobu zmeniek, \u0161ekov, in\u00fdch CP, ktor\u00e9 boli vystaven\u00e9 na cudziu menu a splatn\u00e9 v cudzine. Svojou povahou s\u00fa dev\u00edze zara\u010fovan\u00e9 do bezhotovostn\u00e9ho medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho obehu. Do sf\u00e9ry hotovostn\u00e9ho pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho obehu vystupuj\u00fa spravidla ich v\u00fdmenou za valuty, ako aj za pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 znaky dom\u00e1cej n\u00e1rodnej meny. Pod pojmom valuty rozumieme bankovky, \u0161t\u00e1tovky, ktor\u00e9 obiehaj\u00fa v cudz\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1toch, s\u00fa za hranicami materskej krajiny. Pou\u017e\u00edvanie zlata ako pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho prostriedku je upraven\u00e9 legislat\u00edvou \u0161t\u00e1tov, v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti v\u0161ak nast\u00e1va odklon od jeho pou\u017e\u00edvania.<\/p>\n<h2>Hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1ci produkt HDP<\/h2>\n<p>HDP &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/narodne-hospodarstvo\/zakladne-narodohospodarske-ukazovatele-hdp-a-hnp\/\">hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1ci produkt<\/a> je z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm ukazovate\u013eom v\u00fdkonnosti ekonomiky, ktor\u00fd vyjadruje hodnotu v\u0161etk\u00fdch slu\u017eieb a tovarov, ktor\u00e9 sa v krajine vyprodukovali v danom roku. HDP zah\u0155\u0148a spotrebu, s\u00fakromn\u00e9 dom\u00e1ce invest\u00edcie, invest\u00edcie vl\u00e1dy spotrebu, \u010dist\u00fd v\u00fdvoz tak\u017ee rozdiel medzi v\u00fdvozom a dovozom. S hodnotou HDP sa porovn\u00e1va v\u00fd\u0161ka deficitu verejn\u00fdch financi\u00ed, lebo HDP vyjadruje celkov\u00e9 zdroje ekonomiky ako aj schopnos\u0165 spl\u00e1ca\u0165 dlh a deficit. Pomer HDP k pomeru deficitu verejn\u00fdch financi\u00ed je jedn\u00fdm z Maastrichtsk\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. HDP je hodnota v\u00fdrobkov a slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed krajiny vyprodukovali v\u0161etky ekonomick\u00e9 subjekty spravidla za 1 rok.<\/p>\n<h3>Krivka platobnej bilancie<\/h3>\n<p>Krivka platobnej bilancie je odvodite\u013en\u00e1 len v syst\u00e9me fixn\u00e9ho menov\u00e9ho kurzu. D\u00f4chodok ovplyv\u0148uje \u010dist\u00fd export \u010do je be\u017en\u00fd \u00fa\u010det platobnej bilancie. Ak sa zvy\u0161uje d\u00f4chodok zvy\u0161uje sa aj dopyt po tovare z dovozu. Export nie je z\u00e1visl\u00fd na dom\u00e1com d\u00f4chodku e to z\u00e1kladom tejto anal\u00fdzy. \u00darokov\u00e1 sadzba je determinantom kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu platobnej bilancie. Dom\u00e1ca \u00farokov\u00e1 sadzba je determinantom kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu platobnej bilancie. Ak sa stane, \u017ee dom\u00e1ca \u00farokov\u00e1 sadba rastie vo vz\u0165ahu k svetovej \u00farokovej sadzbe , prich\u00e1dza zahrani\u010dn\u00fd kapit\u00e1l do dom\u00e1cej krajiny. D\u00e1 sa o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ia miera v\u00fdnosnosti, naopak pr\u00e1ve zni\u017eovanie \u00farokovej sadzby, pod svetov\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 by malo za n\u00e1sledok odliv zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<h2>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p>JANKOVSK\u00c1, A. 1994. <em>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 financie.<\/em> 1. vyd. Bratislava: Ekonomick\u00e1 univerzita, 1994. 211 s. ISBN 80-225-0543-7<br \/>\nMICHN\u00cdK, \u013d. at al. 2000. Zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod: Ekonomika, strat\u00e9gia, podnikanie. 2. vyd. Bratislava : Sprint, 2000. 656 s. ISBN 80-8884-31-8<br \/>\nSALVATORE. D, MC GRAW, Hill, . : <em>International economics<\/em>, New York, USA, 1983. s. 412, ISBN 11-063965-6<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Je nevyhnutn\u00e9 na lep\u0161ie orientovanie sa v problematike zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu, objasni\u0165 si hlavn\u00e9 pojmy z terminologick\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu platobnej bilancie. Podstatou je vymedzenie platieb, platobn\u00fdch prostriedkov, &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":25296,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,551],"tags":[53],"class_list":["post-10390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-financie","category-podnikam","tag-peniaze"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Platby a \u00fahrady v oblasti zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Defin\u00edcie pojmov v zahrani\u010dnom obchode. Import, export, zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 inkaso a \u00fahrada. 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