{"id":10479,"date":"2023-02-28T02:25:41","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T01:25:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=10479"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:42","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:42","slug":"nedokonala-konkurencia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/nedokonala-konkurencia\/","title":{"rendered":"Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia &#8211; Unfair Competition"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Dokonal\u00e1 konkurencia<\/h2>\n<p>Aby sme mohli definova\u0165 nedokonal\u00fa konkurenciu (Unfair Competition), potrebujeme si najprv definova\u0165 konkurenciu dokonal\u00fa. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/trhova-ekonomika\/\">Dokonal\u00fa konkurenciu<\/a> charakterizuj\u00fa trhov\u00e9 podmienky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det firiem pon\u00faka identick\u00fd produkt<\/li>\n<li>jednotliv\u00fd podnik nem\u00f4\u017ee vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na ceny<\/li>\n<li>je zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e1 vo\u013enos\u0165 vstupu v\u00fdrobcu do odvetvia a v\u00fdstupu z neho<\/li>\n<li>predpoklad\u00e1 sa dokonal\u00e1 informovanos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov o podmienkach na trhu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Rozdiel medzi dokonalou a nedokonalou konkurenciou<\/h2>\n<p>Hlavn\u00fd rozdiel medzi dokonalou a nedokonalou konkurenciou je, \u017ee pri dokonalej konkurencii sa firmy st\u00e1vaj\u00fa pr\u00edjemcami ceny, naopak pri nedokonalej konkurencii si ka\u017ed\u00e1 firma tvor\u00ed svoju cenu na z\u00e1klade objemu produkcie. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpokladom jej vzniku je, \u017ee aspo\u0148 jeden pred\u00e1vaj\u00faci alebo kupuj\u00faci je schopn\u00fd ovplyvni\u0165 tr\u017en\u00fa cenu.<br \/>\nPr\u00ed\u010diny vzniku nedokonalej konkurencie pod\u013ea Samuelsona, Nordhausa a Dohnalovej:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>N\u00e1kladov\u00e9 podmienky<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 zapr\u00ed\u010di\u0148uj\u00fa z\u00e1nik men\u0161\u00edch firiem v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee ve\u013ek\u00e9 firmy jednoducho dok\u00e1\u017eu vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 lacnej\u0161ie a pred\u00e1va\u0165 za ni\u017e\u0161iu cenu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bari\u00e9ry konkurencie<\/strong> vznikaj\u00fa r\u00f4znymi z\u00e1konn\u00fdmi obmedzeniami ako napr. patentami \u010di clami, ale tie\u017e pozn\u00e1me ekonomick\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry, kde prek\u00e1\u017eku pre potenci\u00e1lnych konkurentov predstavuje napr. diferenci\u00e1cia produktov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vlastn\u00edctvo d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho vstupu<\/strong> vo vlastn\u00edctve jedn\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobcu<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie<\/strong> (Samuelson a Nordhaus, 2013, s. 175-176), (Dohnalov\u00e1,2011, s.113)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Druhy nedokonalej konkurencie<\/h2>\n<p>Rozli\u0161ujeme 3 hlavn\u00e9 druhy nedokonalej konkurencie a to monopol, monopolistick\u00fa konkurenciu a oligopol.<\/p>\n<h2>Monopol<\/h2>\n<p>Monopol je tak\u00e1 trhov\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 je charakteristick\u00e1 najm\u00e4 t\u00fdm, \u017ee na trhu vystupuje len jeden pred\u00e1vaj\u00faci, ktor\u00fd pon\u00faka unik\u00e1tny produkt bez bl\u00edzkych substit\u00fatov. Na druhej strane je ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det kupuj\u00facich, ktor\u00fd tento produkt spotrebov\u00e1vaj\u00fa. B\u00fdva preto \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00fd aj ako \u010dist\u00fd \u010di absol\u00fatny monopol, lebo z\u00e1rove\u0148 zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee \u017eiadna in\u00e1 konkurencia na takomto trhu neexistuje. Ostatn\u00ed v\u00fdrobcovia maj\u00fa obmedzen\u00fd vstup na trh, v d\u00f4sledku vzniku r\u00f4znych bari\u00e9r. Tieto bari\u00e9ry m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pr\u00e1vne alebo tie\u017e prirodzen\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00e1vne bari\u00e9ry<\/h3>\n<p>Medzi pr\u00e1vne bari\u00e9ry patria najm\u00e4 r\u00f4zne obmedzenia ustanoven\u00e9 z\u00e1konmi, ktor\u00e9 zakazuj\u00fa vytv\u00e1ranie konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia alebo tie\u017e r\u00f4zne patenty a ochrann\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky. Prirodzen\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry vznikaj\u00fa naopak napr\u00edklad v situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ke\u010f ur\u010dit\u00fd zdroj v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho faktoru na danom \u00fazem\u00ed je v ruk\u00e1ch jedn\u00e9ho subjektu, ktor\u00fd t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom vytvor\u00ed monopol na jeho poskytovanie alebo predaj. To zapr\u00ed\u010din\u00ed, \u017ee in\u00e9 firmy na trh nem\u00f4\u017eu vstupova\u0165, jednoducho<br \/>\npreto, lebo nemaj\u00fa tento zdroj k dispoz\u00edcii. In\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom prirodzenej bari\u00e9ry v\u0161ak tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pou\u017eitie unik\u00e1tnej technol\u00f3gie na v\u00fdrobu produktov v ur\u010ditom podniku.<\/p>\n<h3>Prirodzen\u00fd monopol<\/h3>\n<p>Firma potom m\u00f4\u017ee vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 objemy produkcie a t\u00fdm zni\u017eova\u0165 priemern\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Ke\u010f nastane t\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia, hovor\u00edme o prirodzenom monopole. T\u00e1to forma nedokonalej konkurencie vznik\u00e1 v odvetviach, pre ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa typick\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 fixn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 napr\u00edklad distrib\u00facia vody v ur\u010ditej oblasti. Keby v\u0161ak na trh vst\u00fapil \u010fal\u0161\u00ed konkurent, pravdepodobne by nebol schopn\u00fd realizova\u0165 tak ve\u013ek\u00e9 objemy produkcie, teda mal by vy\u0161\u0161ie priemern\u00e9 n\u00e1klady a na z\u00e1klade toho by u\u0148ho mohli vznikn\u00fa\u0165 probl\u00e9my s pre\u017eit\u00edm do bud\u00facna.<br \/>\nMonopol predstavuje tak\u00fa formu trhovej konkurencie, pri ktorej na trhu p\u00f4sob\u00ed jeden v\u00fdrobca, neexistuj\u00fa bl\u00edzke substit\u00faty a vstup in\u00fdch firiem do odvetvia je blokovan\u00fd. Pozn\u00e1me nasleduj\u00face druhy monopolu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>prirodzen\u00fd monopol<\/strong> \u2013 vznik\u00e1 bez z\u00e1sahu \u0161t\u00e1tu ( sie\u0165ov\u00e9 odvetvia napr. plyn\u00e1rne..)<\/li>\n<li><strong>administrat\u00edvny monopol <\/strong>\u2013 vytvoren\u00fd a chr\u00e1nen\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1tom ( po\u0161ta)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0161pecifick\u00fd monopol <\/strong>\u2013 do\u010dasn\u00fd \u2013 na b\u00e1ze patentov<\/li>\n<li><strong>tajn\u00e9 monopoly <\/strong>\u2013 kol\u00fazie firiem v regulovan\u00fdch odvetviach<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>K\u00fdm firma v prostred\u00ed dokonalej konkurencie je <em>pr\u00edjemcom ceny (Price taker)<\/em>, <em>monopol je tvorcom ceny (Price maker<\/em>), ktor\u00fd vol\u00ed, pri akej cene bude tovar pred\u00e1va\u0165 a ak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo dod\u00e1 pri tejto cene na trh.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00f4sledky monopolu<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Monopol pred\u00e1va za ceny vy\u0161\u0161ie ako trhov\u00e9 v konkuren\u010dnom prostred\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Je technicky neefekt\u00edvny, nevyr\u00e1ba s najni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi mo\u017en\u00fdmi n\u00e1kladmi.<\/li>\n<li>Objem v\u00fdroby je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ako optim\u00e1lny. ( monopolista dod\u00e1va menej ako je optim\u00e1lne)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Preto v pr\u00edpade existencie prirodzen\u00e9ho monopolu ostatn\u00ed konkurenti ani nemaj\u00fa z\u00e1ujem na vstupe do odvetvia. (Dohnalov\u00e1, 2011, s.115), (Depken, 2013, s.163-164), (Ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed, 2007, s.282)<\/p>\n<h3>Cenov\u00e1 diskrimin\u00e1cia<\/h3>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ou charakteristikou monopolu je jednotn\u00e1 cena produktu na ka\u017edej \u00farovni v\u00fdroby. Mnohokr\u00e1t ale nast\u00e1va aj tak\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia, kedy firma pred\u00e1va svoje produkty r\u00f4znym spotrebite\u013eom za r\u00f4zne ceny. Tento jav naz\u00fdvame cenov\u00e1 diskrimin\u00e1cia. (Depken, 2013, s.163,174)<br \/>\nRozli\u0161ujeme 3 stupne cenovej diskrimin\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 vo svojich dielach definoval Depken a Ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Diskrimin\u00e1cia prv\u00e9ho stup\u0148a predstavuje <strong>diskrimin\u00e1ciu pod\u013ea spotrebite\u013ea<\/strong>. Monopolista tu stanovuje ka\u017ed\u00e9mu spotrebite\u013eovi maxim\u00e1lnu cenu, ktor\u00fa je ochotn\u00fd vyda\u0165 za jednotku produkcie. V pr\u00edpade, \u017ee je t\u00e1to diskrimin\u00e1cia \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e1, premen\u00ed cel\u00fd prebytok spotrebite\u013ea na pr\u00edjmy monopolistu. T\u00e1to met\u00f3da je v\u0161ak aj ve\u013emi n\u00e1kladn\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li>Diskrimin\u00e1cia druh\u00e9ho stup\u0148a vznik\u00e1 <strong>v z\u00e1vislosti na predanom mno\u017estve<\/strong>. Monopolista stanovuje spotrebite\u013eom rozdielne ceny, preto sa jej tie\u017e hovor\u00ed \u201eMulti part Pricing\u201c a je schopn\u00fd z\u00edska\u0165 \u010das\u0165 prebytku spotrebite\u013ea, nie v\u0161ak jeho celkov\u00fa hodnotu, ako v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom pr\u00edpade. Pr\u00edkladom je napr\u00edklad stanovenie mno\u017estevnej z\u013eavy, kde odberate\u013e z\u00edska ni\u017e\u0161iu jednotkov\u00fa cenu produktu, ak ho nak\u00fapi ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo.<\/li>\n<li>Diskrimin\u00e1cia tretieho stup\u0148a je, rovnako ako diskrimin\u00e1cia prv\u00e9ho stup\u0148a, ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 ako <strong>diskrimin\u00e1cia pod\u013ea spotrebite\u013ea<\/strong>. Doch\u00e1dza tu k rozvetveniu spotrebite\u013eov na viac skup\u00edn, napr\u00edklad pod\u013ea vekovej kateg\u00f3rie, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich m\u00e1 svoju krivku dopytu. N\u00e1strahou pri tomto druhu diskrimin\u00e1cie v\u0161ak je, \u017ee firma zle zarad\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov. M\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 situ\u00e1cia, \u017ee zarad\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edka ochotn\u00e9ho plati\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie sumy do n\u00edzkej cenovej skupiny a t\u00fdm sa priprav\u00ed o zisk. (Ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed, 2007, s. 294-298), (Depken, 2013, s.175-177)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Firma v monopolnom postaven\u00ed je jedin\u00e1, kto tvor\u00ed ponuku dan\u00e9ho statku na trhu a preto m\u00f4\u017ee aj zna\u010dne ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 jeho cenu. Rob\u00ed to na z\u00e1klade zvy\u0161ovania alebo zni\u017eovania objemu produkcie. V s\u00favislosti s t\u00fdm, \u017ee na trhu vystupuje iba jedna firma, \u010del\u00ed cel\u00e9mu dopytu. Teda dopyt dan\u00e9ho monopolistu sa bude vyv\u00edja\u0165 na z\u00e1klade v\u00fdvoja dopytu na trhu.<br \/>\nTak\u00fdto podnik sa mus\u00ed ve\u013emi zodpovedne rozhodova\u0165 o uskuto\u010d\u0148ovan\u00fdch objemoch produkcie a teda aj o cen\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee ak bude vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 a pred\u00e1va\u0165 menej, m\u00f4\u017ee si zaisti\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161iu tr\u017en\u00fa cenu v\u00fdrobkov. Pri zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed objemov m\u00f4\u017ee preda\u0165 viac a t\u00fdm realizova\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie zisky, av\u0161ak pri pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ek\u00fdch realizovan\u00fdch objemoch naopak m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017eenie cien, \u010do vypl\u00fdva z klesaj\u00faceho priebehu krivky dopytu monopolnej firmy. (Depken, 2013, s.164)<\/p>\n<h2>Monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia<\/h2>\n<p>Monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia je zvl\u00e1\u0161tnym druhom nedokonalej konkurencie, preto\u017ee vych\u00e1dza z predpokladu, \u017ee sa na trhu nach\u00e1dza ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo podnikov. T\u00fdm sa odli\u0161uje od monopolu a naopak podob\u00e1 na dokonal\u00fa konkurenciu. Vznik\u00e1 tu v\u0161ak rozdiel, \u017ee oproti dokonale konkuren\u010dn\u00e9mu trhu, kde s\u00fa poskytovan\u00e9 rovnak\u00e9 produkty, pri monopolistickej konkurencii s\u00fa tieto v\u00fdrobky podobn\u00e9, nie v\u0161ak \u00faplne rovnak\u00e9 a zhodn\u00e9. Vznik\u00e1 tu teda<br \/>\nmnoho bl\u00edzkych substit\u00fatov.<br \/>\nTakto si ka\u017ed\u00fd podnik m\u00f4\u017ee ur\u010dova\u0165 mno\u017estvo a cenu pred\u00e1van\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov \u010di slu\u017eieb nez\u00e1visle na ostatn\u00fdch. V\u0161etci \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci tak\u00e9ho trhu sa potom sna\u017eia svoje produkty odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 od konkurencie a t\u00fdm z\u00edska\u0165 konkuren\u010dn\u00fa v\u00fdhodu, pril\u00e1ka\u0165 nov\u00fdch z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov alebo tie\u017e podporova\u0165 lojalitu s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch spotrebite\u013eov. Oproti monopolu sa e\u0161te monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia l\u00ed\u0161i vo\u013en\u00fdm vstupom do odvetvia, teda bari\u00e9ry, ktor\u00e9 vznikaj\u00fa s\u00fa \u013eahko prekonate\u013en\u00e9. (Dohnalov\u00e1, 2011, s.125), (Depken, 2013, s.189)<br \/>\nMonopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia predstavuje trhov\u00fa konkuren\u010dn\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, pri ktorej ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det mal\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov pon\u00fakaj\u00facich diferencovan\u00fd produkt. Pozn\u00e1me dva typy cenovej diferenci\u00e1cie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>prirodzen\u00e1 diferenci\u00e1cia<\/strong> \u2013 skuto\u010dn\u00e9 rozdiely v kvalite, dodac\u00edch podmienkach, umiestnen\u00ed, a pod.<\/li>\n<li><strong>umel\u00e1 diferenci\u00e1cia <\/strong>\u2013 tovary rovnak\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed sa od seba l\u00ed\u0161ia obalom, zna\u010dkou, a pod.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>R\u00f4zne skupiny spotrebite\u013eov preferuj\u00fa v\u00fdrobky niektorej firmy pred ostatn\u00fdmi, hoci ide o bl\u00edzke substit\u00faty. Z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska si v\u00fdrobca m\u00f4\u017ee po\u010d\u00edna\u0165 ako monopolista. Ke\u010f\u017ee vstupu do odvetvia nebr\u00e1nia \u017eiadne bari\u00e9ry, pri vysokom zisku do neho vstupuje nov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l, pri n\u00edzkom zisku ho naopak firmy op\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<h3>Negat\u00edva monopolistickej konkurencie<\/h3>\n<p>Medzi hlavn\u00e9 negat\u00edvne str\u00e1nky <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/ekonomicke-teorie\/teorie-trhu-v-podmienkach-nedoklasickej-konkurencie\/\">monopolistickej konkurencie<\/a> patria:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nadmern\u00e1 celoodvetvov\u00e1 kapacita<\/strong> \u2013 najm\u00e4 pri umelej diferenci\u00e1cii produktov<\/li>\n<li><strong>chybn\u00e9 cenov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly \u2013 <\/strong>firmy oce\u0148uj\u00fa produkty nad \u00farov\u0148ou hrani\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hlavn\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky nedokonalej konkurencie s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vysok\u00e9 ceny<\/li>\n<li>neefekt\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edvanie zdrojov<\/li>\n<li>nedostatok motiv\u00e1cie inovova\u0165<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pr\u00ed\u010diny nedokonalosti konkurencie<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>v\u00fdrobn\u00e1 a n\u00e1kladov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara trhu<\/strong> (\u00faspory z rozsahu v\u00fdroby m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 ku koncentr\u00e1cii v odvetv\u00ed, probl\u00e9m sie\u0165ov\u00fdch odvetv\u00ed)<\/li>\n<li><strong>bari\u00e9ry konkurencie<\/strong> (investi\u010dn\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 a administrat\u00edvne z\u00e1sahy)<\/li>\n<li><strong>kol\u00fazie firiem<\/strong> (dohody o cen\u00e1ch, mno\u017estv\u00e1ch a pod.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Formy konkurencie a ich charakteristiky<\/h2>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Forma konkurencie<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Po\u010det firiem<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Produkt<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Bari\u00e9ry vstupu<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Cenov\u00e1 kontrola<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">Dokonal\u00e1 konkurencia<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Mnoho mal\u00fdch<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Identick\u00fd<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">N\u00edzke<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\u017diadna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">\u00dapln\u00fd monopol<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Jedna ve\u013ek\u00e1<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Bez substit\u00fatov<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Vysok\u00e9<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Zna\u010dn\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">Oligopol<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">M\u00e1lo ve\u013ek\u00fdch<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Diferencovan\u00fd<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Vysok\u00e9<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Zna\u010dn\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">Monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Mnoho mal\u00fdch<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Diferencovan\u00fd<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">N\u00edzke<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">\u010ciasto\u010dn\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Oligopol<\/h2>\n<p>Oligopol je typ tr\u017enej \u0161trukt\u00fary, pri ktorom na trhu p\u00f4sob\u00ed mal\u00fd po\u010det firiem, ktor\u00e9 si navz\u00e1jom konkuruj\u00fa v\u00fdrobou rovnak\u00fdch alebo diferencovan\u00fdch produktov. Ich cie\u013eom je maximaliz\u00e1cia zisku. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u00fdchto firiem dok\u00e1\u017ee svojim rozhodnut\u00edm ovplyvni\u0165 ostatn\u00e9 podniky na trhu, preto\u017ee je dostato\u010dne siln\u00e1. Oligopoln\u00e9 firmy ve\u013emi \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne strat\u00e9gie. Z h\u013eadiska pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch strat\u00e9gii rozli\u0161uj\u00fa Depken a Dohnalov\u00e1 2 druhy oligopolu a to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kartel<\/li>\n<li>Oligopol s dominantnou firmou (Dohnalov\u00e1, 2011, s.122), (Depken, 2013, s.192)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na trhu m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 situ\u00e1cia, \u017ee viacero podnikov uzavrie dohodu o zmonopolizovan\u00ed dan\u00e9ho trhu a t\u00fdm sa sna\u017eia maximalizova\u0165 svoj spolo\u010dn\u00fd zisk. Vtedy hovor\u00edme o karteli, alebo zmluvnom oligopole. Podniky spisuj\u00fa kartel, aby mohli zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 cenu na \u00farove\u0148 monopolu a pritom zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165 produkcie oproti dokonalej konkurencii. Takto potom realizuj\u00fa zisk, ktor\u00fd by sa im ako jednotliv\u00fdm podnikom, prij\u00edmaj\u00facim ceny, nepodarilo realizova\u0165. (Depken, 2013, s.180,182)<br \/>\nV pr\u00edpade, \u017ee na trhu p\u00f4sob\u00ed jedna siln\u00e1 firma a ostatn\u00e9 firmy s\u00fa slab\u0161ie, hovor\u00edme o oligopole s dominantnou firmou. Dominantn\u00e1 firma ur\u010duje cenu aj mno\u017estvo vyr\u00e1banej produkcie. Ostatn\u00e9 firmy ju musia re\u0161pektova\u0165, prij\u00edma\u0165 jej cenu a dopl\u0148ova\u0165 medzeru na trhu, preto s\u00fa tie\u017e naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 ako konkuren\u010dn\u00fd lem a ich spr\u00e1vanie je podobn\u00e9 firm\u00e1m v dokonalej konkurencii. (Dohnalov\u00e1, 2011, s.123), (Depken, 2013, s.194).<br \/>\nPre oligopol je typick\u00e9, \u017ee pri vypracov\u00e1van\u00ed svojej strat\u00e9gie firma berie do \u00favahy strat\u00e9gie svojich rivalov. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/agrarna-ekonomika\/monopol-oligopol-konkurencia-a-maximalizacia-zisku-podniku-v-podmienkach-roznych-typov-trhovej-konkurencie\/\">Oligopol<\/a> je teda h\u013eada\u010dom ceny (Price seeker). Pozn\u00e1me nasleduj\u00face druhy oligopolu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>absol\u00fatne koncentrovan\u00fd oligopol<\/strong> &#8211; mal\u00fd po\u010det ve\u013ek\u00fdch firiem na trhu<\/li>\n<li><strong>relat\u00edvne koncentrovan\u00fd oligopol<\/strong> &#8211; popri ve\u013ek\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch p\u00f4sobia i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/male-a-stredne-podnikanie\/\">mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>homog\u00e9nny oligopol<\/strong> &#8211; vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa sa identick\u00e9 alebo takmer identick\u00e9 produkty<\/li>\n<li><strong>heterog\u00e9nny oligopol<\/strong> &#8211; vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa sa \u010diasto\u010dne diferencovan\u00e9 produkty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z h\u013eadiska stup\u0148a spolupr\u00e1ce medzi oligopolistami rozli\u0161ujeme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dokonal\u00fa s\u00fahru (kartel) \u2013 <\/strong>dohody o cen\u00e1ch, mno\u017estv\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nedokonal\u00fa spolupr\u00e1cu \u2013<\/strong> neform\u00e1lne \u201egentlemansk\u00e9\u201c dohody<\/li>\n<li><strong>Samostatn\u00e9 akcie \u2013<\/strong> cenov\u00e9 vojny<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Duopol<\/h3>\n<p>\u0160pecifick\u00fdm pr\u00edpadom oligopolu je tzv. <strong>duopol<\/strong> (2 firmy na trhu), kedy firmy po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa s kontrastrat\u00e9giou svojho s\u00fapera. Duopol je \u010fal\u0161\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tny druh oligopolu, kde vystupuj\u00fa dve firmy pon\u00fakaj\u00face rovnak\u00fd produkt. In\u00e9 firmy na tento trh vst\u00fapi\u0165 nem\u00f4\u017eu. Pozn\u00e1me viacero modelov duopolov, ako napr. Cournotov duopol, Bertrandov duopol alebo Stackelbergov duopol.<\/p>\n<h3>Tvorba ceny pri oligopole<\/h3>\n<p>Pri relat\u00edvne koncentrovanom oligopoli sa stret\u00e1vame s dvomi \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi pr\u00edpadmi pri tvorbe ceny:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>cenov\u00e9 vodcovstvo <\/strong>\u2013 cenov\u00fdm vodcom je dominantn\u00e1 firma, ostatn\u00e9 firmy jej cenov\u00fa strat\u00e9giu nasleduj\u00fa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>barometrick\u00e9 cenov\u00e9 vodcovstvo<\/strong> \u2013 do\u010dasn\u00e9 vodcovstvo jednej z rovnako ekonomicky siln\u00fdch firiem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0160t\u00e1tna antimonopoln\u00e1 regul\u00e1cia<\/h2>\n<p>Protimonopoln\u00e1 regul\u00e1cia zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tu sa realizuje prostredn\u00edctvom:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>protimonopoln\u00e9ho z\u00e1konodarstva &#8211; podiel na trhu, nekal\u00e1 s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e, kartelov\u00e9 dohody, cenov\u00e1 diskrimin\u00e1cia, ovplyv\u0148ovanie podmienok vstupu do odvetvia, a pod.<\/li>\n<li>r\u00f4znych foriem \u0161t\u00e1tnej (verejnej) regul\u00e1cie monopolov<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/financie\/financny-trh\/regulacia-trhu-s-cennymi-papiermi\/\">Te\u00f3ria verejnej vo\u013eby<\/a> \u2013 \u201ePodniky v\u00edtaj\u00fa regul\u00e1ciu, lebo t\u00e1to ich chr\u00e1ni pred rizikami dynamickej konkurencie\u201c (George Stigler)<\/li>\n<li>Monopoly sa de facto za regul\u00e1ciou priamo nah\u00e1\u0148aj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom svojich lobby.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00e1to \u010dinnos\u0165 je zn\u00e1ma ako <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/financie\/financny-trh\/regulacia-trhu-s-cennymi-papiermi\/\">zajateck\u00e1 te\u00f3ria regul\u00e1cie<\/a>, lebo regulovan\u00e9 subjekty vlastne zajm\u00fa a ovl\u00e1dnu reguluj\u00facich.<\/li>\n<li>\u0160t\u00e1tna regul\u00e1cia monopolu tak sp\u00f4sob\u00ed, \u017ee sa jeho p\u00f4sobenie stane dlhodob\u00fdm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Dominantn\u00e9 postavenie na trhu<\/h2>\n<p>Defin\u00edcia dominantn\u00e9ho postavenia na trhu je postaven\u00e1 na princ\u00edpe ekonomickej sily, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje podnikate\u013eovi spr\u00e1va\u0165 sa na relevantnom trhu nez\u00e1visle. Ekonomick\u00e1 sila podnikate\u013ea je ur\u010dovan\u00e1 na z\u00e1klade ekonomickej anal\u00fdzy, pri\u010dom jej z\u00e1kladom je vymedzenie relevantn\u00e9ho trhu a v r\u00e1mci neho potom identifik\u00e1cia skuto\u010dn\u00fdch konkurentov dotknut\u00e9ho podnikate\u013ea, ktor\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 jeho spr\u00e1vanie sa na trhu a zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 mu v krokoch, ktor\u00e9 by boli nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 od \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho tlaku. Pri anal\u00fdze postavenia podnikate\u013ea na relevantnom trhu sa prihliada aj na \u010fal\u0161ie faktory, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa najm\u00e4 ve\u013ekos\u0165 trhov\u00fdch podielov jeho najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch konkurentov, stabilita trhov\u00fdch podielov, pr\u00edstup k z\u00e1sobovac\u00edm alebo odbytov\u00fdm trhom, kapit\u00e1lov\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 vstupu na trh a in\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry vstupu na relevantn\u00fd trh. Za zneu\u017eitie dominantn\u00e9ho postavenia na trhu sa pod\u013ea \u00a78 z\u00e1kona pova\u017euje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>priame alebo nepriame vynucovanie neprimeran\u00fdch obchodn\u00fdch podmienok,<\/li>\n<li>hrozba obmedzenia alebo obmedzenie v\u00fdroby, odbytu alebo technick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja,<\/li>\n<li>uplat\u0148ovanie rozdielnych podmienok pri zhodnom alebo porovnate\u013enom plnen\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>viazanie s\u00fahlasu s uzavret\u00edm zmluvy na podmienku od prijat\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov,<\/li>\n<li>do\u010dasn\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edvanie ekonomickej sily s cie\u013eom vyl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Zneu\u017e\u00edvanie dominantn\u00e9ho postavenia na trhu<\/h2>\n<p>Jednou zo z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch foriem obmedzovania hospod\u00e1rskej s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee, ktor\u00e9 z\u00e1kon zakazuje, je uzatv\u00e1ranie doh\u00f4d obmedzuj\u00facich s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e. Dohodami obmedzuj\u00facimi s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e s\u00fa dohody podnikate\u013eov, zos\u00faladen\u00e9 postupy podnikate\u013eov a rozhodnutia zdru\u017een\u00ed podnikate\u013eov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa priamo za cie\u013e alebo ktor\u00fdch n\u00e1sledkom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 obmedzovanie s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee.<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kon ch\u00e1pe dohodu v \u0161ir\u0161om po\u0148at\u00ed v porovnan\u00ed s Ob\u010dianskym z\u00e1konn\u00edkom, t.j. ako \u00fastnu dohodu, p\u00edsomn\u00fa dohodu a dohodu uzavret\u00fa konkludentne, ako aj in\u00e9 s\u00fahlasn\u00e9 prejavy v\u00f4le vyvoden\u00e9 z ich konania, ktor\u00fdmi m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 r\u00f4zne gentlemansk\u00e9 dohody alebo dohody preuk\u00e1zan\u00e9 na z\u00e1klade d\u00f4kazn\u00fdch prostriedkov in\u00fdch ako je zmluva (ktor\u00e9 jednozna\u010dne preukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee k dohode pod\u013ea tohto z\u00e1kona muselo d\u00f4js\u0165, aj ke\u010f vy\u0161etruj\u00faci \u00farad nem\u00f4\u017ee jednozna\u010dne preuk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee do\u0161lo k \u00fastnej dohode, resp. nem\u00e1 k dispoz\u00edcii p\u00edsomn\u00fa zmluvu).<br \/>\nZos\u00faladen\u00fd postup vylu\u010duje ak\u00fdko\u013evek priamy alebo nepriamy kontakt medzi subjektmi, cie\u013eom alebo \u00fa\u010delom ktor\u00e9ho je bu\u010f vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na trhov\u00fd v\u00fdstup skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho alebo potenci\u00e1lneho konkurenta, alebo mu odhali\u0165 smer vlastn\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu, ktor\u00fd sa rozhodli prija\u0165.<\/p>\n<h2>Ochrana proti nekalej s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>Nekalou s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eou je konanie v hospod\u00e1rskej s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei, ktor\u00e9 je v rozpore s dobr\u00fdmi mravmi s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee a je sp\u00f4sobil\u00e9 vyvola\u0165 ujmu in\u00fdm s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eiacim alebo spotrebite\u013eom. Nekal\u00e1 s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e sa zakazuje. Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed n\u00e1jdete v \u010dl\u00e1nku: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/obchodne-pravo\/pravna-ochrana-hospodarskej-sutaze\/\">Pr\u00e1vna ochrana hospod\u00e1rskej s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Kartelov\u00e9 dohody<\/h3>\n<p>V z\u00e1kone je demon\u0161trat\u00edvny v\u00fdpo\u010det tzv. kartelov\u00fdch dojednan\u00ed alebo doh\u00f4d, ktor\u00e9 obmedzuj\u00fa s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e a z tohto d\u00f4vodu s\u00fa dohody obsahuj\u00face tak\u00e9to dojednania zak\u00e1zan\u00e9. Pr\u00edkladom tak\u00e9hoto kartelov\u00e9ho dojednania je priame alebo nepriame ur\u010denie cien tovaru. K priamemu alebo nepriamemu ur\u010deniu cien tovaru m\u00f4\u017ee doch\u00e1dza\u0165, ako to vypl\u00fdva zo z\u00e1kona, pri v\u0161etk\u00fdch form\u00e1ch doh\u00f4d obmedzuj\u00facich s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e, t.j. v dohod\u00e1ch, v zos\u00faladen\u00fdch postupoch podnikate\u013eov ako aj v rozhodnutiach zdru\u017eenia podnikate\u013eov.<br \/>\nK nepriamemu ur\u010deniu cien tovarov doch\u00e1dza, ak na z\u00e1klade dohody, v d\u00f4sledku zos\u00faladen\u00e9ho postupu alebo na z\u00e1klade rozhodnutia zdru\u017eenia uplat\u0148uj\u00fa podnikatelia rovnak\u00fd princ\u00edp, resp. princ\u00edpy pre \u010fal\u0161\u00ed postup pri ur\u010dovan\u00ed cien ich tovarov. Nepriamym ur\u010den\u00edm cien je tie\u017e situ\u00e1cia, ak na z\u00e1klade odpor\u00fa\u010dania zdru\u017eenia podnikate\u013eov si podnikatelia stanovia konkr\u00e9tnu v\u00fd\u0161ku cien tovarov alebo ak je konkr\u00e9tna cena tovarov stanoven\u00e1 podnikate\u013emi<br \/>\nna z\u00e1klade inform\u00e1ci\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci zos\u00faladenia ich postupov.<\/p>\n<h3>Dohoda obmedzuj\u00faca hospod\u00e1rsku s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e<\/h3>\n<p>Dohodou obmedzuj\u00facou s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e je aj dohoda obmedzuj\u00faca s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e, v ktorej si podnikatelia vz\u00e1jomne stanovia vhodn\u00e9 cenov\u00e9 rozp\u00e4tia a v r\u00e1mci nich ur\u010duj\u00fa konkr\u00e9tne ceny tovarov.<br \/>\nZo v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazu s\u00fa vy\u0148at\u00e9 dohody obmedzuj\u00face s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e, ak sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 kvantitat\u00edvne krit\u00e9ria a nemaj\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00fd dopad na s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e (tzv. pravidlo de minimis). T\u00fdmito krit\u00e9riami je v\u00fd\u0161ka spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho podielu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov dohody alebo v\u00fd\u0161ka podielu jedn\u00e9ho z nich vo vz\u0165ahu k celkov\u00e9mu podielu tovarov na relevantnom trhu. Zo v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazu nie s\u00fa vy\u0148at\u00e9 tzv. \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 kartely a dohody obmedzuj\u00face s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e obsahuj\u00face podobn\u00fd druh obmedzen\u00ed s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee ved\u00face k podobn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom na relevantnom trhu (napr. dohody o v\u00fdhradnej distrib\u00facii, o selekt\u00edvnej distrib\u00facii, o v\u00fdhradnom n\u00e1kupe), ktor\u00fdch spolo\u010dn\u00fd podiel na trhu presahuje 10% celkov\u00e9ho podielu tovarov na relevantnom trhu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dokonal\u00e1 konkurencia Aby sme mohli definova\u0165 nedokonal\u00fa konkurenciu (Unfair Competition), potrebujeme si najprv definova\u0165 konkurenciu dokonal\u00fa. Dokonal\u00fa konkurenciu charakterizuj\u00fa trhov\u00e9 podmienky: ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det firiem pon\u00faka &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":25105,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,553],"tags":[204,205,206],"class_list":["post-10479","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomia","category-vzdelavam-sa","tag-konkurencia","tag-monopol","tag-oligopol"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia - Unfair Competition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia: \u00fapln\u00fd monopol, oligopol a monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia. \u0160t\u00e1tna antimonopoln\u00e1 regul\u00e1cia. 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