{"id":11009,"date":"2023-03-26T05:32:20","date_gmt":"2023-03-26T03:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=11009"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:19","slug":"novoveka-filozofia-a-baruch-spinoza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/novoveka-filozofia-a-baruch-spinoza\/","title":{"rendered":"Novovek\u00e1 filozofia a Baruch Spinoza"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Novovek\u00e1 filozofia<\/h2>\n<p>Novovek\u00e1 filozofia vych\u00e1dza z renesan\u010dn\u00e9ho myslenia. Ovplyvnilo ju viac \u010dinite\u013eov, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ale prechod eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn od feudalizmu k bur\u017eo\u00e1zii (toto obdobie je obdob\u00edm ranobur\u017eo\u00e1znych revol\u00facii v Holandsku, Anglicku) s\u00favisiace s nov\u00fdm postaven\u00edm \u010dloveka ako ob\u010dana a jeho pr\u00e1v, s nov\u00fdm po\u0148at\u00edm \u0161t\u00e1tu, ako aj s potrebou novej vedy oslobodenej od teol\u00f3gie. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm \u010dinite\u013eom bol teda rozvoj novovekej vedy (najm\u00e4 pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch vied) a jej met\u00f3d.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/ekonomicke-teorie\/fyziokratizmus\/\">Filozofi a vedci sk\u00famaj\u00fa pr\u00edrodu<\/a>, z\u00e1konitosti hmotn\u00e9ho sveta a tieto poznatky vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na praktick\u00e9 ciele. Do popredia filozofie sa dost\u00e1va problematika vedeck\u00e9ho poznania, h\u013eadanie spo\u013eahliv\u00fdch z\u00e1kladov vedy. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou discipl\u00ednou novovekej filozofie sa st\u00e1va te\u00f3ria poznania, vzh\u013eadom k \u010domu sa v\u00fdvin novovekej filozofie spo\u010diatku jav\u00ed ako spor medzi empirizmom a racionalizmom. Empirizmus preferuje sk\u00fasenostn\u00e9 (empirick\u00e9) v\u00fdchodisk\u00e1 vedeck\u00e9ho poznania, p\u00f4vod nach\u00e1dza v zmyslov\u00fdch pocitoch a vnemoch. Hlavn\u00fdmi predstavite\u013emi boli: Bacon, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. Racionalizmus nach\u00e1dza jedin\u00e9 spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 v\u00fdchodisko poznania v istot\u00e1ch rozumu (ratio). Hlavn\u00ed predstavitelia: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Baruch Spinoza \u2013 \u017eivotopis<\/h2>\n<p>Baruch Spinoza sa narodil 24. novembra 1632 v Amsterdame v \u017eidovskej obchodn\u00edckej rodine, \u0161panielsko-portug\u00e1lskeho p\u00f4vodu. U\u010dil sa za rab\u00edna, ale u\u017e po\u010das \u0161t\u00fadia zaujal kritick\u00fd postoj k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm dogm\u00e1m a za svoje n\u00e1zory bol vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00fd z amsterdamskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej obce, prekliaty a obvinen\u00fd z kac\u00edrstva. Bol vyk\u00e1zan\u00fd z Amsterdamu. V roku 1672 dostal ponuku, aby vyu\u010doval na univerzite, ale odmietol to. Jeho spisy za jeho \u017eivota neboli vydan\u00e9. Aby si udr\u017eal materi\u00e1lnu a duchovn\u00fa nez\u00e1vislos\u0165, zar\u00e1bal si br\u00fasen\u00edm \u0161o\u0161oviek, \u010do v\u0161ak zhor\u0161ilo jeho p\u013e\u00facnu chorobu a na n\u00e1sledky choroby vo veku 44 rokov zomrel.<\/p>\n<h3>Monizmus<\/h3>\n<p>V ch\u00e1pan\u00ed substancie sa dopracoval k <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/zaklady-prava-prednasky\/\">monistick\u00e9mu stanovisku<\/a>: Z\u00e1kladom v\u0161etk\u00e9ho je jedna substancia &#8211; pr\u00edroda, ktor\u00e1 je nekone\u010dn\u00e1, jednoduch\u00e1 a nedelite\u013en\u00e1, nevznikla nijak\u00fdm vonkaj\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1sahom a pre svoj pohyb nepotrebuje nijak\u00fa vonkaj\u0161iu pr\u00ed\u010dinu. Sama je pr\u00ed\u010dinou samej seba (causa sui). T\u00e1to substancia je nekone\u010dn\u00e1, m\u00e1 nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo podstatn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed &#8211; atrib\u00fatov, k\u00fdm \u010dlovek pozn\u00e1va iba dve vlastnosti: myslenie (idea) a rozpriestranenos\u0165 (teleso). Synonymom pr\u00edrody je u neho Boh (je panteistom). T\u00e1to substancia sa prejavuje v na\u0161om svete prostredn\u00edctvom m\u00f3dov (modus &#8211; sp\u00f4sob prejavovania sa substancie bytia).<\/p>\n<h3>Poznanie<\/h3>\n<p>Spinoza je striktn\u00fdm z\u00e1stancom racionalizmu. Za v\u00fdchodisko poznania poklad\u00e1 idey, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa n\u00e1m dan\u00e9 tzv. racion\u00e1lnou intu\u00edciou, teda nie &#8222;vroden\u00e9 idey&#8220;. Racion\u00e1lna intu\u00edcia sa opiera o &#8222;vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozum&#8220;, tzv. &#8222;intellectus&#8220;, ktor\u00fd presahuje be\u017en\u00e9 &#8222;ratio&#8220;. Racion\u00e1lnou intu\u00edciou vraj uchopujeme z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pravdy (napr. matematick\u00e9 axi\u00f3my). V konkr\u00e9tnom procese poznania tak nar\u00e1bame so sk\u00fasenos\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 zhroma\u017e\u010fuje materi\u00e1l poznania, ako aj s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi &#8211; racion\u00e1lnymi a intelektu\u00e1lnymi &#8211; postupmi. Tieto s\u00fa dominantn\u00e9, a tak aj hlavnou met\u00f3dou poznania je dedukcia. Pravdu zd\u00f4vod\u0148ujeme nadempiricky, t.j. vyvodzujeme ju z v\u00fdchod\u00edsk, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa n\u00e1\u0161mu rozumu jasn\u00e9 a zrete\u013en\u00e9. Ide\u00e1l dedukt\u00edvnej (matematickej) vedy chcel Spinoza aplikova\u0165 aj vo filozofii. Usiloval sa budova\u0165 ju &#8222;na sp\u00f4sob geometrie&#8220;. Vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fac zo z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch axi\u00f3m, defin\u00edci\u00ed a element\u00e1rnych viet \u010di v\u00fdrokov, vyvodzuje a dokazuje \u010fal\u0161ie, ktor\u00e9 pod\u013ea potreby objas\u0148uje dopl\u0148uj\u00facimi pozn\u00e1mkami. Touto met\u00f3dou vybudoval aj svoje hlavn\u00e9 dielo Etika.<\/p>\n<h2>Etika<\/h2>\n<p>Spinozova Etika je ve\u013emi pozoruhodn\u00fdm spisom, ktor\u00fd sa vymyk\u00e1 vtedaj\u0161iemu \u0161tandardu. U\u017e formou, akou je p\u00edsan\u00e1. Spinoza p\u00ed\u0161e o tak zlo\u017eitej t\u00e9me akou je etika formou \u010disto racionalistickou.<br \/>\nSama kniha m\u00e1 5 \u010dasti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bohu,<\/li>\n<li>prirodzenosti a p\u00f4vode mysle,<\/li>\n<li>prirodzenosti a p\u00f4vode afektov,<\/li>\n<li>\u013eudskej neslobode neboli o sile afektov,<\/li>\n<li>moci rozumu neboli o \u013eudskej slobode.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Presnos\u0165 rozumu<\/h3>\n<p>Jeho z\u00e1merom bolo \u010do najviac sa pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 presnosti rozumu. Preto sa kniha nesklad\u00e1 z rozsiahlych kapitol na jednotliv\u00e9 t\u00e9my. Ako prv\u00e9 je uveden\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9 tvrdenie, potom nasleduje d\u00f4kaz a popr\u00edpade nejak\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka \u010di d\u00f4sledok tvrdenia. Spinoza tu t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom vysvet\u013euje svoje my\u0161lienky. V ka\u017edej z piatich kapitol s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 defin\u00edcie \u2013 Spinoza vysvet\u013euje, \u010do si predstavuje pod jednotliv\u00fdmi pojmami, s nimi v texte pracuje. Z\u00e1merom je vysvetlenie najr\u00f4znej\u0161\u00edch my\u0161lienok tohto filozofa a z\u00e1rove\u0148 si ich autor ako keby ospravedl\u0148uje. Sna\u017e\u00ed sa svoje my\u0161lienky vysvetli\u0165 \u010do najjasnej\u0161ie, najracion\u00e1lnej\u0161ie. Preto\u017ee pr\u00e1ve rozum bol u Spinozy tou hlavnou vecou, ktor\u00e1 vl\u00e1dne, alebo by aspo\u0148 mala, svetom.<\/p>\n<h3>Pravdiv\u00e9 poznanie<\/h3>\n<p>Cie\u013eom Spinozovej filozofie je pravdiv\u00e9 poznanie za \u00fa\u010delom dosiahnutia najvy\u0161\u0161ieho dobra a slobody. Zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm dobrom a aktivitou \u010dloveka je poznanie. Jeho etika nevedie k bohu, ale tie\u017e \u00fast\u00ed do praxe. Pravdiv\u00e9 poznanie sa m\u00e1 prejavi\u0165 vo spr\u00e1van\u00ed orientovanom na konanie \u010dloveka vo\u010di sebe a ostan\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom. Ide\u00e1lnym cie\u013eom jeho etiky je jednotn\u00e9 konanie v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed na z\u00e1klade jednotn\u00e9ho rozumov\u00e9ho poznania, tie\u017e sa prejavuje vo spolo\u010denskom \u017eivote, v \u0161t\u00e1te ako\u017ee l\u00e1ska k bl\u00ed\u017enemu. Praktick\u00fd rozum m\u00e1 u Spinozy prednos\u0165 pred teoretick\u00fdm. Tento jav je u neho v\u0161ak prechodn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3>Zmysly<\/h3>\n<p>Hovor\u00ed, \u017ee v poznan\u00ed s\u00fa zmysly nevyhnutn\u00e9 a dokonca potrebn\u00e9, rovnako tak i v jednan\u00ed je potrebn\u00e1 afektovanos\u0165. Je nutn\u00e9 s t\u00fdm v te\u00f3ri\u00ed mravn\u00e9ho jednania po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 a nie ho obch\u00e1dza\u0165 \u010di sa nad neho povzn\u00e1\u0161a\u0165. Je zlo\u017ekou \u013eudskej bytosti, je ni\u017e\u0161ou formou rozumu. Nem\u00e1 teda v\u00fdznam zatracova\u0165 \u010dloveka pre jeho \u201ehrie\u0161nu\u201c \u017eiadostivos\u0165. Spinozova etika nepozn\u00e1 pojem hriech, a t\u00fdm menej dedi\u010dn\u00fd, ktor\u00e1 sa via\u017ee na predstavu osobn\u00e9ho a trestaj\u00faceho boha. \u010clovek nie je dobr\u00fd \u010di zl\u00fd s\u00e1m o sebe, ale len v mysli, pod\u013ea jeho hodnotenia, ktor\u00e9 sa men\u00ed. V Spinozovom bohu nie je ani dobro ani zlo, a predsa ho nie je objekt\u00edvne ani v \u010dloveku.<\/p>\n<h3>Substancia<\/h3>\n<p>Spinozova my\u0161lienka substancie vid\u00ed vlastne boha v pr\u00edrode, a tomuto hovor\u00ed substancie. Je to nie\u010do existuj\u00face samo o sebe, je to nekone\u010dn\u00e9 a sebesta\u010dn\u00e9. Nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t v knihe tuto svoju my\u0161lienku zmie\u0148uje. Boh je jednotn\u00fd, nedelite\u013en\u00fd a nez\u00e1visl\u00fd. Boh tu nie je ako ozdoba \u010di najvy\u0161\u0161ia nedotknute\u013en\u00e1 idea. T\u00fdm, \u017ee boha stoto\u017e\u0148uje s pr\u00edrodou, ho vlastne pribli\u017euje \u010dloveku. Nejde u\u017e o my\u0161lienku cirkvi, alebo o my\u0161lienku \u013eudsk\u00fa ako m\u00e1me vidie\u0165 boha, kde ho m\u00f4\u017eeme spozorova\u0165. Spinoza hovor\u00ed, \u017ee boh je v\u0161ade okolo n\u00e1s, \u017ee ho vid\u00edme v pr\u00edrode. T\u00e1to jeho koncepcia je panteistick\u00e1, ale vzh\u013eadom k tomu, \u017ee ide o splynutie boha s pr\u00edrodou bez rozl\u00ed\u0161enia ide o naturalistick\u00fd panteizmus.<\/p>\n<h3>Spinozove atrib\u00faty<\/h3>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ou zauj\u00edmavou my\u0161lienkou s\u00fa Spinozove atrib\u00faty. S\u00fa to vlastne najpodstatnej\u0161ie a neoddelite\u013en\u00e9 vlastnosti substancie. Ist\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom vlastne diferencuj\u00fa substancie, a to v \u0148om samom. Prostredn\u00edctvom nich sa d\u00e1 prejs\u0165 od Spinozovej jednoty k mnohosti. Absol\u00fatna substancia m\u00e1 nekone\u010dne mnoho atrib\u00fatov, podstatn\u00fdch a svojou kvalitou i nekon\u010den\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, kval\u00edt. \u010clovek je v\u0161ak v\u010faka svojmu rozumu schopn\u00fd pozna\u0165 dva z atrib\u00fatov, a to rozpriestranenos\u0165 a myslenie. Tieto s\u00fa vn\u00fatorne jednotn\u00e9, ale preto\u017ee s\u00fa kvalitat\u00edvne odli\u0161n\u00e9, je treba ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich ch\u00e1pa\u0165 za seba sam\u00e9ho.<br \/>\nK prirodzenej substancii patr\u00ed, \u017ee sa ka\u017ed\u00fd z jeho atrib\u00fatov ch\u00e1pe za seba sam\u00e9ho, preto\u017ee v\u0161etky atrib\u00faty, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 , boli v nej s\u00fa\u010dasne a odjak\u017eiva, preto nemohol by\u0165 jeden atrib\u00fat vytvoren\u00fd in\u00fdm, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich vyjadruje realitu \u010di bytie substancie. T\u00e1to vz\u00e1jomn\u00e1 nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 atrib\u00fatov znamen\u00e1 akceptovanie z\u00e1sadn\u00fdch odli\u0161nost\u00ed materi\u00e1lneho sveta a sveta duchovn\u00e9ho, vlastne ide o odli\u0161nos\u0165 v jednote. Tu sa otv\u00e1ra ot\u00e1zka rozdvojenia jednotn\u00e9ho v samej podstate bytia. Spinoza hovor\u00ed, \u017ee cel\u00e1 pr\u00edroda (skuto\u010dn\u00fd svet), tak ako duchovn\u00fd svet, sa zrkadl\u00ed jeden v druhom a riadi sa rovnak\u00fdmi z\u00e1konmi. Toto plat\u00ed i pre telo, i pre ideu tela, ba dokonca a pre ideu idei tela.<\/p>\n<h3>Sloboda \u010dloveka<\/h3>\n<p>Venuje sa i slobode \u010dloveka. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00f4\u013ea \u010dloveka sa nem\u00f4\u017ee naz\u00fdva\u0165 slobodnou pr\u00ed\u010dinou, ale pr\u00e1ve nevyhnutnou. V\u00f4\u013ea je len ur\u010dit\u00fd modus myslenia. Z toho tie\u017e vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee ani boh nekon\u00e1 zo slobodnej v\u00f4le. Hovor\u00ed tie\u017e o afektoch v tom smere, \u017ee \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd sa im podd\u00e1va, je neslobodn\u00fd, je vlastne hra\u010dkou n\u00e1hody, kedy nakoniec mus\u00ed \u00eds\u0165 hor\u0161ou cestou, aj ke\u010f vid\u00ed i tu lep\u0161iu. Preto je najlep\u0161ie a jedinou z\u00e1rukou jedincovi slobody jeho rozum. Zaober\u00e1 sa i t\u00fdm, \u010do je to dobro (to, \u010do je n\u00e1m u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9) a zlo (to, o \u010dom sa s istotou vyhne, zabra\u0148uje, aby sme dosiahli nejak\u00e9 dobro. Rovnako \u010dlovek pod\u013ea neho neuva\u017euje o zle, o smrti, ale hlavne o \u017eivote. Pokia\u013e by sa \u013eudia rodili slobodn\u00ed, nevytv\u00e1rali by si pojmy zla a dobra, ke\u010f by boli slobodn\u00ed. \u010clovek veden\u00fd rozumom je slobodnej\u0161\u00ed vo svete, kde \u017eije pod\u013ea spolo\u010dn\u00fdch ustanoven\u00ed, ne\u017e v samote, kde posl\u00facha len s\u00e1m seba.<br \/>\nAko prv\u00fd nazna\u010dil, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 slobodn\u00fd, preto\u017ee rozumom m\u00f4\u017ee pozna\u0165 to, \u010do je v bohu. Na druhej strane je v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zka, \u010di sa m\u00f4\u017ee \u010dlovek rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 st\u00e1\u0165 sa slobodn\u00fdm, alebo \u010di v\u0161etko z\u00e1vis\u00ed na bohu. Slobodn\u00fdm sa vlastne st\u00e1va boh skrze \u010dloveka, a to tie\u017e nie z vlastnej v\u00f4le, ale je veden\u00fd svojou vlastnou prirodzenos\u0165ou. \u013dudsk\u00e1 sloboda preto spo\u010d\u00edva len v adekv\u00e1tnom poznan\u00ed a du\u0161evnej spokojnosti.<\/p>\n<h2>My\u0161lienka pre man\u017e\u00e9ra<\/h2>\n<p><em>\u201eV prirodzenosti rozumu je nech\u00e1pa\u0165 veci ako n\u00e1hodne, ale ako nevyhnutn\u00e9.\u201c <\/em><br \/>\nMana\u017e\u00e9r by nemal nech\u00e1va\u0165 veci na n\u00e1hodu a svoje povinnosti by mal bra\u0165 ako nevyhnutn\u00e9, preto\u017ee ni\u010d nie je n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. V prirodzenosti rozumu je ch\u00e1pa\u0165 veci pravdivo.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Novovek\u00e1 filozofia. In:http:\/\/www.noska.estranky.cz\/clanky\/filozofia-poznamky\/novoveka-filozofia [05. 11. 2010]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Novovek\u00e1 filozofia Novovek\u00e1 filozofia vych\u00e1dza z renesan\u010dn\u00e9ho myslenia. Ovplyvnilo ju viac \u010dinite\u013eov, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ale prechod eur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn od feudalizmu k bur\u017eo\u00e1zii (toto obdobie je obdob\u00edm &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":25317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[165,553],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-osobnosti","category-vzdelavam-sa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Novovek\u00e1 filozofia a Baruch Spinoza<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baruch Spinoza ako predstavite\u013e novovekej filozofie. \u017divotopis, dielo. 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