{"id":11186,"date":"2023-04-07T07:12:28","date_gmt":"2023-04-07T05:12:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=11186"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:17","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:17","slug":"trhovy-mechanizmus-a-nedokonala-konkurencia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/trhovy-mechanizmus-a-nedokonala-konkurencia\/","title":{"rendered":"Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia, monopol, oligopol, monopson, oligopson"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Trhov\u00fd mechanizmus<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/trhova-ekonomika\/\">Trhov\u00fd mechanizmus<\/a> je forma ekonomickej organiz\u00e1cie, v ktorej jednotliv\u00ed spotrebitelia a podniky, prostredn\u00edctvom vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch interakci\u00ed na trhu rie\u0161ia tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my ekonomickej organiz\u00e1cie, t.j. \u010do, ako a pre koho vyr\u00e1ba\u0165.<br \/>\nV pr\u00edkazovej ekonomike alok\u00e1ciu zdrojov ur\u010duje vl\u00e1da prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161t\u00e1tnych ekonomick\u00fdch pl\u00e1nov. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00fa v\u0161etky ekonomiky zmie\u0161an\u00e9ho typu, v ktorom s\u00fakromn\u00fd sektor funguje na z\u00e1klade trhov\u00e9ho mechanizmu a verejn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie na z\u00e1klade regula\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00edkazov a fi\u0161k\u00e1lnych n\u00e1strojov.<\/p>\n<h2>Trh<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Trh<\/strong> m\u00f4\u017eeme definova\u0165 ako zariadenie, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00e9ho kupuj\u00faci a pred\u00e1vaj\u00faci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho tovaru vstupuj\u00fa do vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch interakci\u00ed, aby ur\u010dili cenu tovaru a mno\u017estvo, ktor\u00e9 sa nak\u00fapi a pred\u00e1. Trh vznik\u00e1 a rozv\u00edja sa ako v\u00fdsledok v\u00fdvoja tovarovej v\u00fdroby a spolo\u010denskej de\u013eby pr\u00e1ce.<br \/>\nTrhov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie sa \u010dasto uskuto\u010d\u0148uj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom modernej spojovej techniky, najm\u00e4 mnoh\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00e9 transakcie. Mo\u017eno ho charakterizova\u0165 aj ako sf\u00e9ru ekonomiky, v ktorej sa realizuj\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy medzi trhov\u00fdmi subjektami (dom\u00e1cnosti, podniky, \u0161t\u00e1t) prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdmeny tovarov. Anal\u00fdza trhu je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od poznania r\u00f4znych typov trhov, ktor\u00e9 rozli\u0161ujeme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>pod\u013ea teritori\u00e1lneho h\u013eadiska<\/strong> \u2013 miestny, region\u00e1lny, n\u00e1rodn\u00fd, medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd, svetov\u00fd<\/li>\n<li><strong>pod\u013ea predmetu k\u00fapy a predaja <\/strong>\u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/vseobecna-ekonomicka-teoria\/vyrobne-faktory\/\">trh v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov<\/a> (trh pr\u00e1ce, p\u00f4dy, kapit\u00e1lu), monetarizovan\u00fd (finan\u010dn\u00fd, v\u00fdrobkov a slu\u017eieb, agreg\u00e1tny)<\/li>\n<li><strong>vz\u0165ah medzi ponukou a dopytom <\/strong>\u2013 vo\u013en\u00fd (ponuka a dopyt s\u00fa pru\u017en\u00e9), viazan\u00fd (dopyt a ponuka regulovan\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li><strong>pod\u013ea kvantitat\u00edvneho h\u013eadiska <\/strong>\u2013 \u010diastkov\u00fd (1druh tovaru), agreg\u00e1tny (v\u0161etky)<\/li>\n<li><strong>pod\u013ea stup\u0148a organizovanosti <\/strong>\u2013organizovan\u00fd, neform\u00e1lny<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Predpoklady fungovanie trhov\u00e9ho mechanizmu:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vo\u013en\u00e1 tvorba cien na z\u00e1klade ponuky a dopytu<\/li>\n<li>vytv\u00e1ranie v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch podmienok na p\u00f4sobenie trhov\u00e9ho mechanizmu zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tu<\/li>\n<li>relat\u00edvna vo\u013enos\u0165 vstupu na trh<\/li>\n<li>existencia konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia (s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eivos\u0165)<\/li>\n<li>trhov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie sa ka\u017ed\u00e9ho subjektu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm podnetom k v\u00fdrobe a poskytovaniu slu\u017eieb je zisk. Nie vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch odvetviach s\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 mo\u017enosti dosiahnutia zisku, nako\u013eko s\u00fa limitovan\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00farou dan\u00e9ho odvetvia.<\/p>\n<h2>Charakteristiky r\u00f4znej trhovej \u0161trukt\u00fary<\/h2>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Forma<\/td>\n<td>Po\u010det firiem<\/td>\n<td>Vo\u013enos\u0165 vstupu na trh<\/td>\n<td>Cena ako rozhoduj\u00faca premenn\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>V\u00fdrobky\/slu\u017eby homog\u00e9nne alebo diferencovan\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>Odl\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 pomocou<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dokonal\u00e1 konkurencia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ve\u013ea<\/td>\n<td>\u00e1no<\/td>\n<td>nie<\/td>\n<td>homog\u00e9nne<\/td>\n<td>len konkuren\u010dn\u00fdch cien<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Monopol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>jedna<\/td>\n<td>nie<\/td>\n<td>\u00e1no<\/td>\n<td>unifikovan\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>n\u00faten\u00fdm dopytom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ve\u013ea<\/td>\n<td>\u00e1no<\/td>\n<td>\u00e1no ale ohrani\u010dene<\/td>\n<td>diferencovan\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>cenov\u00e1 a kvalitat\u00edvna konkurencia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Oligopol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>m\u00e1lo<\/td>\n<td>limitovan\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>\u00e1no<\/td>\n<td>obe skupiny<\/td>\n<td>strategick\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie sa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Dokonal\u00e1 konkurencia<\/h2>\n<p>Dokonal\u00e1 konkurencia je odborn\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd term\u00edn, vz\u0165ahuj\u00faci sa k trhu na ktorom \u017eiadna firma ani \u017eiadny spotrebite\u013e nedosahuje tak\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165, aby mohli sami ovplyvni\u0165 tr\u017en\u00fa cenu. Ak na v\u0161etk\u00fdch trhoch p\u00f4sobia princ\u00edpy dokonalej konkurencie, potom trhy zabezpe\u010dia v\u00fdrobu efekt\u00edvneho s\u00faboru v\u00fdstupov pomocou najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edch techn\u00edk a s pou\u017eit\u00edm minim\u00e1lnych vstupov.<br \/>\nPod\u013ea KANTORA, J. (2007), hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom firiem v dokonale konkuren\u010dnom trhu je dosiahnu\u0165 \u010do najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zisk, k\u00fdm hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom spotrebite\u013eov \u010do najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u017eitok. V\u00fdrobn\u00e9 firmy vplyvom ve\u013ekej konkurencie a zav\u00e1dzan\u00edm vysokoefekt\u00edvnych postupov, svoje produkty vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa pri minim\u00e1lnych n\u00e1kladoch a n\u00e1sledne u svojich v\u00fdrobkov dosahuj\u00fa optim\u00e1lne trhov\u00e9 ceny. Doch\u00e1dza k stavu, \u017ee tento typ konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia, i ke\u010f je sk\u00f4r teoretick\u00fd, umo\u017e\u0148uje firme na trhu dokonalej konkurencie realizova\u0165 predaj za minim\u00e1lne ceny, v\u00fdrobu v maxim\u00e1lnych objemoch a<br \/>\ndosahova\u0165 maxim\u00e1lny mo\u017en\u00fd zisk. Dokonale konkuren\u010dn\u00fd trh je trhom, na ktorom p\u00f4sob\u00ed ve\u013ea mal\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov a spotrebite\u013eov, pri\u010dom v\u00fdrobcovia dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa na trh homog\u00e9nne, ni\u010d\u00edm sa nel\u00ed\u0161iace v\u00fdrobky. Nie s\u00fa schopn\u00ed ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 celkov\u00fa ponuku a cenu.<br \/>\nJe mo\u017en\u00fd\u00a0 vstup a v\u00fdstup subjektov z odvetvia do odvetvia, z jednej v\u00fdroby do inej a o situ\u00e1cii na trhu s\u00fa dokonale informovan\u00ed. Jedinou met\u00f3dou konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho boja, ako pri rovnakej cene<br \/>\nzv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 zisk, je zn\u00ed\u017eenie v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov.<\/p>\n<h3>Vlastnosti dokonalej konkurencie<\/h3>\n<p>Hlavn\u00e1 vlastnosti dokonalej konkurencie s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ve\u013ea firiem na trhu<\/li>\n<li>identick\u00e9, homog\u00e9nne produkty<\/li>\n<li>n\u00edzke alebo \u017eiadne bari\u00e9ry vstupu na trh<\/li>\n<li>identick\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 informovanosti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Probl\u00e9m modelu dokonalej konkurencie<\/h3>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom modelu dokonalej konkurencie je pod\u013ea \u0160TEFUNKA, M. (2005), \u017ee vych\u00e1dza z nerealistick\u00fdch predpokladov. Na trhoch zvy\u010dajne nep\u00f4sob\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo subjektov, pri\u010dom pre niektor\u00e9 trhy je n\u00edzky po\u010det \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov \u0161pecifick\u00fd. \u010cinnos\u0165 akt\u00e9rov na trhu nie je nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 a \u010dasto je dokonca priamo koordinovan\u00e1 (r\u00f4zne asoci\u00e1cie v\u00fdrobcov \u010di komory). Produkty v re\u00e1lnom svete nie s\u00fa homog\u00e9nne a dokonalo zamenite\u013en\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee hodnotenie toho ist\u00e9ho produktu je \u010disto subjekt\u00edvne a \u010dasto sa men\u00ed aj u toho ist\u00e9ho \u010dloveka v \u010dase.<br \/>\n\u013dudia sa nerozhoduj\u00fa len na z\u00e1klade konkr\u00e9tnych vlastnost\u00ed dan\u00e9ho produktu, ale aj na z\u00e1klade in\u00fdch faktorov, ako je napr\u00edklad zna\u010dka alebo miesto n\u00e1kupu. Pr\u00e1ve snaha podnikate\u013eov o diferenci\u00e1ciu produktu a jeho odl\u00ed\u0161enie od ostatn\u00fdch na trhu existuj\u00facich tovarov a slu\u017eieb tvor\u00ed podstatu konkurencie. Splnen\u00edm podmienky modelu dokonalej konkurencie by tak do\u0161lo k odstr\u00e1neniu podstaty konkurencie.<br \/>\nV re\u00e1lnom svete subjekty na trhu ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa svojim spr\u00e1van\u00edm trhov\u00fa cenu a kupuj\u00faci nedopytuj\u00fa pri rovnakej cene nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo produktov. Rovnako nerealistick\u00fd je predpoklad o dokonalej informovanosti subjektov na trhu. Stav dokonalej informovanosti je z h\u013eadiska vz\u00e1cnosti zdrojov nielen nedosiahnute\u013en\u00fd, ale aj z princ\u00edpu nerealizovate\u013en\u00fd. Prirodzenou charakteristikou \u013eudskej osobnosti je premenlivos\u0165 n\u00e1zorov a hodn\u00f4t v \u010dase a z\u00e1rove\u0148 neust\u00e1le doch\u00e1dza k zmen\u00e1m v extern\u00fdch podmienkach, \u010do vedie k trvalej neistote o bud\u00facnosti.<\/p>\n<h2>Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia<\/h2>\n<p>Naopak pri <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/nedokonala-konkurencia\/\">nedokonalej konkurencii<\/a> sa m\u00f4\u017ee spolo\u010dnos\u0165 nach\u00e1dza\u0165 pod hranicou svojich produk\u010dn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed. Pr\u00edklady foriem nedokonalej konkurencie:<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia na strane ponuky<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia na strane dopytu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Monopol<\/strong> = jeden v\u00fdrobca \u00faplne kontroluje ponuku ur\u010dit\u00e9ho tovaru<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Monopson <\/strong>= jeden spotrebite\u013e (firma) \u00faplne kontroluje dopyt po ur\u010ditom tovare (v\u00fdrobnom faktore)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Duopol <\/strong>= dvaja v\u00fdrobcovia \u00faplne kontroluj\u00fa ponuku ur\u010dit\u00e9ho tovaru<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Duopson <\/strong>= dvaja spotrebitelia \u00faplne kontroluj\u00fa dopyt po ur\u010ditom tovare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Oligopol (koncentrovan\u00fd) <\/strong>= nieko\u013eko v\u00fdrobcov m\u00e1 kontrolu nad v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou \u010das\u0165ou ponuky ur\u010dit\u00e9ho tovaru<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Oligopson (koncentrovan\u00fd) <\/strong>= nieko\u013eko spotrebite\u013eov m\u00e1 kontrolu nad v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou \u010das\u0165ou dopytu po ur\u010ditom tovare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Oligopol (diferencovan\u00fd) <\/strong>= ponuku vytv\u00e1ra nieko\u013eko monopoln\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov r\u00f4znych druhov tovarov<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Oligopson (diferencovan\u00fd) <\/strong>= dopyt vytv\u00e1ra nieko\u013eko monops\u00f3nnych spotrebite\u013eov r\u00f4znych druhov tovarov<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Formy nedokonalej konkurencie<\/h2>\n<p>Medzi pr\u00ed\u010diny vzniku nedokonalej konkurencie patria pod\u013ea SEREN\u010c\u00c9\u0160A, R. (2006):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>rozdielne n\u00e1kladov\u00e9 podmienky a s nimi s\u00favisiace \u00faspory z rozsahu v\u00fdroby;<\/li>\n<li>vyspel\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdrobu vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve, \u010do prin\u00e1\u0161a \u00faspory, zni\u017euje priemern\u00e9, hrani\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady a ceny;<\/li>\n<li>bari\u00e9ry konkurencie br\u00e1niace rozvinutiu konkurencie medzi firmami, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 z\u00e1konn\u00e9 (patenty, cl\u00e1, kv\u00f3ty, \u0161t\u00e1tna regul\u00e1cia) alebo ekonomick\u00e9 (diferenci\u00e1cia produktu);<\/li>\n<li>tajn\u00e9 dohody (kol\u00fazie), pri ktor\u00fdch ve\u013ek\u00e9 firmy v odvetv\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu medzi sebou uzavrie\u0165 dohodu, ktorou sa ur\u010dia ceny, rozdelia trhy a eliminuj\u00fa konkuren\u010dn\u00e9 opatrenia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kombin\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto zdrojov m\u00f4\u017eu vznikn\u00fa\u0165 r\u00f4zne pr\u00edpady nedokonalej konkurencie, na strane ponuky s\u00fa to monopol, duopol a oligopol, na strane dopytu monopson, duopson a oligopson.<\/p>\n<h3>Monopol<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Monopol<\/strong> je typ \u0161trukt\u00fary trhu, na ktorom je dan\u00e1 komodita, ktor\u00e1 nem\u00e1 \u017eiadne bl\u00edzke substit\u00faty, pon\u00fakan\u00e1 jedin\u00fdm v\u00fdrobcom a na ktorom s\u00fa zna\u010dn\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry vstupu pre \u010fal\u0161ie subjekty. Pod\u013ea SAMUELSONA, P.A. a NORDHAUSA, W.D. (1995), vznikaj\u00fa monopoly z konkurencie (kde najlep\u0161\u00ed s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eiaci zaujme v\u00fdsadn\u00e9 postavenie, dlh\u0161ieho trvania sa v\u0161ak nedo\u010dk\u00e1 a tak sa sna\u017e\u00ed zaisti\u0165 si svoju poz\u00edciu) a z regul\u00e1cie (vo chv\u00edli, ke\u010f sa \u0161t\u00e1t domnieva, \u017ee je schopn\u00fd regulova\u0165 cenu, mno\u017estvo \u010di po\u010det \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov lep\u0161ie ako trh). Prek\u00e1\u017eky konkurencie s\u00fa r\u00f4zneho druhu, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vznikaj\u00fa ako d\u00f4sledok:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pr\u00e1vnych obmedzen\u00ed (patenty, cl\u00e1 a kv\u00f3ty v zahrani\u010dnom obchode, apod.),<\/li>\n<li>diferenci\u00e1cie v\u00fdrobkov a slu\u017eieb,<\/li>\n<li>dosahovania \u00faspor z rozsahu a<\/li>\n<li>vlastn\u00edctva vz\u00e1cnych v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>FRIEDMAN, M. (1993) kon\u0161tatuje, \u017ee monopol m\u00f4\u017ee existova\u0165 v pr\u00edpade, ke\u010f m\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tny jednotlivec alebo podnik tak\u00fa dostato\u010dn\u00fa kontrolu nad konkr\u00e9tnym v\u00fdrobkom alebo slu\u017ebou, aby v podstatnej miere ur\u010doval podmienky, za ktor\u00fdch k n\u00edm maj\u00fa ma\u0165 ostatn\u00ed pr\u00edstup. Pre slobodn\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 predstavuje monopol dva druhy probl\u00e9mov. Po prv\u00e9, existencia monopolu znamen\u00e1 obmedzenie dobrovo\u013enej zmeny v d\u00f4sledku obmedzenia alternat\u00edv, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 jednotlivec k dispoz\u00edcii. Po druh\u00e9, existencia monopolu otv\u00e1ra probl\u00e9m spolo\u010denskej zodpovednosti (okrem svojich osobn\u00fdch cie\u013eov by mal monopolista podporova\u0165 aj spolo\u010densky \u017eiaduce ciele).<br \/>\nOsobitn\u00fdm typom monopolu je <strong>prirodzen\u00fd monopol \u2013 <\/strong>firmy alebo odvetvia, ktor\u00fdch priemern\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na jednotku produkcie klesaj\u00fa s rast\u00facim objemom v\u00fdroby. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee jedna firma dosahuje \u00faspory z rozsahu pre cel\u00fd objem trhov\u00e9ho dopytu a \u017ee dosahuje tak\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u00faspory z rozsahu, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve jedna firma vyr\u00e1ba najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010co je to prirodzen\u00fd monopol?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\nPojmom prirodzen\u00fd monopol sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa firmy alebo odvetvia, ktor\u00fdch priemern\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na jednotku produkcie klesaj\u00fa s rast\u00facim objemom produkcie. Tzn. \u017ee jedna firma dosahuje \u00faspory z rozsahu pre cel\u00fd objem trhov\u00e9ho dopytu. Znamen\u00e1 to z\u00e1rove\u0148, \u017ee dosahuj\u00fa tak\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u00faspory z rozsahu produkcie, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve jedin\u00e1 firma vyr\u00e1ba svoje v\u00fdrobky a slu\u017eby najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie. V pr\u00edpade, \u017ee nie s\u00fa \u00faspory z rozsahu prev\u00e1dzky, v\u00fdroby, ve\u013ek\u00e9, nie je \u017eiadny technologick\u00fd d\u00f4vod vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 jedin\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa firmu namiesto viacer\u00fdch mal\u00fdch firiem.\n<\/div>\n<h3>Oligopol<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Oligopol<\/strong> je druh nedokonalej konkurencie, pri ktorej v danom odvetv\u00ed dominuje mal\u00fd po\u010det ve\u013ek\u00fdch firiem. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 firma je tak ve\u013ek\u00e1, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017ee do ur\u010ditej miery kontrolova\u0165, ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 ceny. V\u00fdrobky nemusia by\u0165 diferencovan\u00e9. Charakteristick\u00fdm znakom oligopolu je, \u017ee rozhoduj\u00facu \u010das\u0165 produkcie dod\u00e1va na trh nieko\u013eko m\u00e1lo firiem.<br \/>\nRovnako ako v pr\u00edpade monopolu, aj tu je ved\u00facou skupinou uplat\u0148ovan\u00e1 v\u00fdsada a pre jej udr\u017eanie sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa bari\u00e9ry vstupu do odvetvia. Prostredn\u00edctvom cenov\u00e9ho mechanizmu sa v\u00fdhoda premie\u0148a na dodato\u010dn\u00fd zisk. Cena je v\u00fdsledkom n\u00e1tlaku ved\u00facej skupiny, ktor\u00fd sa realizuje prostredn\u00edctvom cenovej strat\u00e9gie a met\u00f3d cenovej tvorby. Ved\u00face firmy maj\u00fa z\u00e1ujem na stabiliz\u00e1cii v\u00fdhodnej situ\u00e1cie, usiluj\u00fa sa o stabiliz\u00e1ciu trhovej situ\u00e1cie a t\u00fdm aj ceny. Konkurencia sa realizuje prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161irokej \u0161k\u00e1ly necenov\u00fdch prostriedkov.<\/p>\n<h3>Druhy oligopolu<\/h3>\n<p>Mikroekonomick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria rozozn\u00e1va dva druhy oligopolu: koluz\u00edvny \u2013 s\u00fa uzavret\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 dohody \u010do vedie k monopoliz\u00e1cii, preto\u017ee firmy d\u00f4jdu k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee cenov\u00e1 vojna by ich oslabila a bude tak lep\u0161ie rozdeli\u0165 si trh a zvy\u0161ova\u0165 tak spolo\u010dn\u00fd trh a zvy\u0161ova\u0165 tak spolo\u010dn\u00fd zisk, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 firma sa potom vo svojom vymedzenom terit\u00f3riu spr\u00e1va ako monopol a s cenov\u00fdm vodcom \u2013 dominantn\u00e9 postavenie jednej firmy na trhu v r\u00e1mci v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej \u010dasti trhu, ktor\u00fd si ponech\u00e1 a siln\u00e1 oligopoln\u00e1 firma sa chov\u00e1 ako monopol.<br \/>\nTypy oligopolu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>kooperat\u00edvny oligopol<\/strong> \u2013 firmy navz\u00e1jom kooperuj\u00fa<\/li>\n<li><strong>oligopol s dominantnou firmou <\/strong>\u2013 dominantn\u00e1 firma ovl\u00e1da rozhoduj\u00facu \u010das\u0165 trhu, zost\u00e1vaj\u00faca \u010das\u0165 je prenechan\u00e1 konkure\u010dn\u00fdm mal\u00fdm firm\u00e1m<\/li>\n<li><strong>oligopol s firmou barometer <\/strong>\u2013 jedna ved\u00faca firma neovl\u00e1da rozhodujpci podiel na trhu, ale najlep\u0161ie reaguje na trhov\u00e9 podmienky a st\u00e1va sa cenov\u00fdm vodcom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Monopol, monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia, oligopol predstavuj\u00fa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/agrarna-ekonomika\/monopol-oligopol-konkurencia-a-maximalizacia-zisku-podniku-v-podmienkach-roznych-typov-trhovej-konkurencie\/\">r\u00f4zne formy nedokonalej konkurencie<\/a>. Tieto formy m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 svoju \u0161pecifick\u00fa podobu na strane dopytu i na strane ponuky . Pri ich vymedzen\u00ed treba zvy\u010dajne bra\u0165 do \u00favahy viacero charakterist\u00edk a pri vo\u013ebe pr\u00edpadn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu vo\u010di subjektom p\u00f4sobiacim na nedokonale konkuren\u010dn\u00fdch trhoch bra\u0165 do \u00favahy aj stupe\u0148 koncentr\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<h3>Monopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Monopolistick\u00fa konkurenciu<\/strong> ako typ \u0161trukt\u00fary trhu charakterizuje pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 viacer\u00fdch pred\u00e1vaj\u00facich, ktor\u00ed pon\u00fakaj\u00fa komodity, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa si navz\u00e1jom bl\u00edzke, ale nie s\u00fa dokonal\u00fdmi substit\u00fatmi. Na takomto trhu m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e1 firma ur\u010dit\u00fd vplyv na cenu svojho produktu. Vstup na trh je vo\u013en\u00fd.<br \/>\nMonopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia predstavuje najjemnej\u0161iu formu nedokonalej konkurencie. Je kateg\u00f3riou, ktor\u00e1 sa svojou charakteristikou najviac pribli\u017euje dokonalej konkurencii v tom, \u017ee na trhu p\u00f4sob\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det pred\u00e1vaj\u00facich, z ktor\u00fdch ani jeden nem\u00e1 na trhu ve\u013ek\u00fd podiel. L\u00ed\u0161i sa t\u00fdm, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdrobca dod\u00e1va kvalitat\u00edvne odli\u0161n\u00fd, diferencovan\u00fd v\u00fdrobok, na rozdiel od dokonalej konkurencie, kde jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky s\u00fa sk\u00f4r rovnak\u00e9. Diferenci\u00e1cia medzi produktmi vypl\u00fdva \u010dasto z polohy, kde dan\u00ed v\u00fdrobca pon\u00faka svoje produkty, spotrebitelia sa sna\u017eia \u0161etri\u0165 dopravn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady a \u010das. \u010eal\u0161ie rozdiely vznikaj\u00fa v d\u00f4sledku rozdielnej kvality, v obchodn\u00fdch zn\u00e1mkach \u010di ochrann\u00fdch zn\u00e1mkach. Z\u00e1kazn\u00edci \u010dasto uprednost\u0148uj\u00fa jedn\u00e9ho pred\u00e1vaj\u00faceho pred in\u00fdm zo zvyku, zn\u00e1mosti alebo zotrva\u010dnosti.<br \/>\nMonopolistick\u00e1 konkurencia predstavuje trhov\u00fa konkuren\u010dn\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, pri ktorej ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det mal\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov pon\u00fakaj\u00facich diferencovan\u00fd produkt. Pozn\u00e1me dva typy cenovej diferenci\u00e1cie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>prirodzen\u00e1 diferenci\u00e1cia<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 skuto\u010dn\u00e9 rozdiely v kvalite, dodac\u00edch podmienkach, umiestnen\u00ed, a pod.<\/li>\n<li><strong>umel\u00e1 diferenci\u00e1cia\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 tovary rovnak\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed sa od seba l\u00ed\u0161ia obalom, zna\u010dkou, a pod.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>R\u00f4zne skupiny spotrebite\u013eov preferuj\u00fa v\u00fdrobky niektorej firmy pred ostatn\u00fdmi, hoci ide o bl\u00edzke substit\u00faty. Z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska si v\u00fdrobca m\u00f4\u017ee po\u010d\u00edna\u0165 ako monopolista. Ke\u010f\u017ee vstupu do odvetvia nebr\u00e1nia \u017eiadne bari\u00e9ry, pri vysokom zisku do neho vstupuje nov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l, pri n\u00edzkom zisku ho naopak firmy op\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010eal\u0161ie formy nedokonalej konkurencie<\/h3>\n<p>Medzi \u010fal\u0161ie formy patria deriv\u00e1ty ako napr.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> koluz\u00edvny oligopol<\/strong> (dohoda o monopolnej cene a mno\u017estve, maximaliz\u00e1cia svojho spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho zisku)<\/li>\n<li><strong>oligopol s dominantnou firmou<\/strong> (dohoda o cen\u00e1ch dominantnej firmy a men\u0161\u00edch firiem v odvetv\u00ed, zv\u00fd\u0161enie cien dominantnej firmy sp\u00f4sob\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161enie trhov\u00e9ho podielu men\u0161\u00edch firiem)<\/li>\n<li><strong>kartelov\u00e1 dohoda<\/strong> (dohoda firiem, ktor\u00e1 vedie k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu obmedzeniu alebo zru\u0161eniu samostatnosti v ich rozhodovan\u00ed s cie\u013eom dosiahnu\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fdhody na \u00fakor ostatn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov trhu)<\/li>\n<li><strong>syndik\u00e1t<\/strong> (zdru\u017eenie monopoln\u00fdch firiem, ktor\u00e9 si ponech\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00fdrobn\u00fa samostatnos\u0165, ceny a v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty eviduje syndik\u00e1tov\u00e9 odbytov\u00e9 stredisko)<\/li>\n<li><strong>trust<\/strong> (monopoln\u00e9 zdru\u017eenie, v ktorom z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 firmy str\u00e1caj\u00fa obchodn\u00fa, aj v\u00fdrobn\u00fa samostatnos\u0165, firmy s\u00fa akcion\u00e1rmi jednej ve\u013ekej firmy, ktor\u00e1 je riaden\u00e1 jednotn\u00fdm riadite\u013estvom, ktor\u00e9 volia akcion\u00e1ri)<\/li>\n<li><strong>koncern<\/strong> (firmy, ktor\u00e9 ho tvoria s\u00fa form\u00e1lne samostatn\u00e9, ale fakticky s\u00fa podriaden\u00e9 hlavnej spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e1 dr\u017e\u00ed ich kontroln\u00e9 bal\u00edky akci\u00ed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Monopson, duopson, oligopson<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Monopson<\/strong> je v ekon\u00f3mii stav, ke\u010f existuje iba jeden subjekt na strane dopytu a spravidla viac subjektov na strane ponuky. Je to jedna z foriem nedokonalej konkurencie, s\u00famern\u00e1 s monopolom. Monopsony predstavuj\u00fa zrkadlov\u00fd obraz monopolu, jedn\u00e1 sa o monopol kupuj\u00faceho.<br \/>\nSila monopsonu spo\u010d\u00edva v schopnosti kupuj\u00faceho ovplyvni\u0165 cenu vo svoj prospech. Dovo\u013euje kupuj\u00facim kupova\u0165 za ni\u017e\u0161iu cenu ne\u017e by to bolo v podmienkach dokonalej konkurencie. Mo\u017en\u00e9 pr\u00edklady odvetv\u00ed, v ktor\u00fdch funguje monopson:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>trh pr\u00e1ce (\u0161portovci, u\u010ditelia z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l)<\/li>\n<li>spracovatelia v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve (napr. zeleniny)<\/li>\n<li>elektr\u00e1rne odb\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed uhlie<\/li>\n<li>pokro\u010dil\u00e9 zbrane (napr. st\u00edha\u010dky)<\/li>\n<li>lie\u010div\u00e1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Podobn\u00e9 je to pri duopsone a oligopsone. <strong>Duopson<\/strong> predstavuje situ\u00e1ciu, ke\u010f na trhu existuj\u00fa dva subjekty na strane dopytu (podobne ako pri duopole). Oligopson zase predstavuje trhov\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, pri ktorej v danom odvetv\u00ed dominuje mal\u00fd po\u010det ve\u013ek\u00fdch odberate\u013eov (podobne ako pri oligopole existuje mal\u00fd po\u010det dod\u00e1vate\u013eov).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trhov\u00fd mechanizmus Trhov\u00fd mechanizmus je forma ekonomickej organiz\u00e1cie, v ktorej jednotliv\u00ed spotrebitelia a podniky, prostredn\u00edctvom vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch interakci\u00ed na trhu rie\u0161ia tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my ekonomickej organiz\u00e1cie, &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":24973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,553],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomia","category-vzdelavam-sa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia, monopol, oligopol, monopson, oligopson<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Trh, trhov\u00fd mechanizmus a nedokonal\u00e1 konkurencia. 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