{"id":7927,"date":"2022-12-04T04:58:58","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T03:58:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=7927"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:58:26","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:58:26","slug":"vyznam-maleho-a-stredneho-podnikania-v-sr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/vyznam-maleho-a-stredneho-podnikania-v-sr\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdznam mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania v SR"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mo\u017eno kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky (MSP) s\u00fa neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou cel\u00e9ho spektra firiem vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine kraj\u00edn vo svete. V krajin\u00e1ch Organiz\u00e1cie pre hospod\u00e1rsku spolupr\u00e1cu a rozvoj (OECD) reprezentuj\u00fa viac ako 95 % celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu v\u0161etk\u00fdch podnikov, pri\u010dom ich podiel na zamestnanosti sa pohybuje v priemere okolo 75 % a podiel na HDP a\u017e 80 % .<br \/>\nV Slovenskej republike je kvantitat\u00edvny podiel mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov porovnate\u013en\u00fd s vyspel\u00fdmi krajinami, pri\u010dom ich podiel na zamestnanosti bol v roku 2006 viac ako 70 %. Sektor mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania predstavuje svojou produkciou na Slovensku pri tvorbe HDP pribli\u017ene 3\/5 z celkov\u00e9ho objemu v\u00fdroby.<br \/>\nT\u00e1to kateg\u00f3ria podnikov je v r\u00e1mci rozvinut\u00fdch ekonom\u00edk pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za najpru\u017enej\u0161iu, najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161iu, najprogres\u00edvnej\u0161iu a teda aj najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161iu s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 ekonomiky. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu krajiny Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie, ale aj in\u00e9 rozvinut\u00e9 krajiny (USA, Japonsko), venuj\u00fa stavu mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania maxim\u00e1lnu pozornos\u0165 a s\u00fastavne prij\u00edmaj\u00fa opatrenia na jeho rozvoj. V t\u00fdchto krajin\u00e1ch sa podpora mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania stala v posledn\u00fdch 30-ich rokoch v\u00fdznamnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou celkovej hospod\u00e1rskej strat\u00e9gie. Formul\u00e1cia tzv. Eur\u00f3pskej charty pre mal\u00e9 podniky je toho d\u00f4kazom.<\/p>\n<h2>Znaky a vlastnosti mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov v SR<\/h2>\n<p>Mal\u00fdm a stredn\u00fdm podnikom sa pripisuj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 znaky, prednosti a vlastnosti, a to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm prvkom n\u00e1rodn\u00fdch ekonom\u00edk, a<\/li>\n<li>maj\u00fa nezastupite\u013en\u00fa \u00falohu v dynamickom rozvoji kraj\u00edn,<\/li>\n<li>s\u00fa flexibilnej\u0161ie vo\u010di okoliu (v porovnan\u00ed s V podnikmi), prisp\u00f4sobiv\u00e9 po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m trhu a osobitne dopytu (v\u00fdkyvom v dopyte, zmenen\u00fdm objedn\u00e1vkam, m\u00f4\u017eu uspokojova\u0165 aj mal\u00e9 objedn\u00e1vky o ktor\u00e9 nie je vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikoch z\u00e1ujem, r\u00f4zne \u0161pecifick\u00e9 a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov at\u010f.), t\u00e1to pru\u017enos\u0165 je dan\u00e1 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm t\u00fdm, \u017ee nie s\u00fa na rozdiel od ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikov za\u0165a\u017een\u00e9 existenciou rozsiahleho dlhodob\u00e9ho majetku a zmena predmetu \u010dinnosti nevy\u017eaduje tak\u00e9 rozsiahle prebudovanie v\u00fdrobnej z\u00e1kladne ako je tomu pri ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikoch,<\/li>\n<li>maj\u00fa predpoklady na rie\u0161enie inov\u00e1ci\u00ed, \u010di u\u017e v r\u00e1mci vlastn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho programu, alebo na objedn\u00e1vku ve\u013ek\u00fdch firiem (ide o tzv. inovat\u00edvnu funkciu MSP), d\u00f4vody pre\u010do s\u00fa MSP nosite\u013emi inov\u00e1ci\u00ed: 1. je v nich menej re\u0161trikt\u00edvnych organiza\u010dn\u00fdch prvkov a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed priestor na individu\u00e1lnu iniciat\u00edvu, 2. inov\u00e1cia je podmienkou pre\u017eitia na trhu 3. mana\u017e\u00e9ri mal\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch podnikov s\u00fa viac zainteresovan\u00ed na realiz\u00e1cii inov\u00e1cie ako vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikoch, 4. ve\u013ek\u00e9 podniky niekedy inov\u00e1ciu nepotrebuj\u00fa (tovar sa pred\u00e1va, na\u010do investova\u0165), 5. zamestnanci vedy a v\u00fdskumu vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikoch maj\u00fa tendenciu sa \u0161pecializova\u0165, v mal\u00fdch s\u00fa viac univerz\u00e1lni.<\/li>\n<li>vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa nov\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 miesta, a t\u00fdm v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdvoj zamestnanosti,<\/li>\n<li>umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu rezistenciu vo\u010di zmen\u00e1m v zamestnanosti (i potreb\u00e1m v zamestnanosti) podniku (vzh\u013eadom k priamej\u0161\u00edm a menej form\u00e1lnym pracovn\u00fdm vz\u0165ahom a univerz\u00e1lnej\u0161iemu zameraniu zamestnancov v porovnan\u00ed s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi podnikmi),<\/li>\n<li>osobn\u00fd vz\u0165ah k zamestnancom, dod\u00e1vate\u013eom, z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom, ale aj k obchodn\u00fdm partnerom umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010dasto lep\u0161iu kontrolu kvality v\u00fdrobkov a slu\u017eieb i lep\u0161iu kvalitu vz\u0165ahov medzi obchodn\u00fdmi partnermi,<\/li>\n<li>at\u010f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Trochu z hist\u00f3rie<\/h2>\n<p>O v\u00fdzname mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov u n\u00e1s sa za\u010d\u00edna v\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie uva\u017eova\u0165 a\u017e po roku 1990 v s\u00favislosti s privatiz\u00e1ciou (ve\u013ek\u00e1 a mal\u00e1 privatiz\u00e1cia) a transform\u00e1ciou ekonomiky.<br \/>\nPrudk\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/male-a-stredne-podnikanie\/\">rozvoj mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov<\/a> v na\u0161ich podmienkach bol zapr\u00ed\u010dinen\u00fd najm\u00e4 t\u00fdmito skuto\u010dnos\u0165ami:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>postupn\u00fd rozklad ve\u013ek\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tnych podnikov v procese 1. vlny ve\u013ekej privatiz\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1vrat majetku ob\u010danom v r\u00e1mci re\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>liberaliz\u00e1cia obchodn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov a vznik v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho po\u010dtu mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov so zahrani\u010dnou majetkovou \u00fa\u010das\u0165ou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Osobitosti v\u00fdvoja MSP u n\u00e1s boli rozdielne aj v tom, \u017ee mal\u00e9 podniky boli vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 hlavne postupuj\u00facim procesom vzniku a rastu s\u00fakromn\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva, zatia\u013e \u010do stredn\u00e9 podniky vznikali \u010dasto v d\u00f4sledku poklesu po\u010dtu a \u0161truktur\u00e1lnych zmien \u0161t\u00e1tnych podnikov. V poslednom obdob\u00ed s\u00fa vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 tie\u017e v d\u00f4sledku kvalitat\u00edvneho presunu \u017eivnostn\u00edkov ako fyzick\u00fdch os\u00f4b medzi podnikate\u013eov zap\u00edsan\u00fdch v Obchodnom registri, resp. premenou na obchodn\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti. Je to \u010dasto d\u00f4sledok \u00fasilia roz\u0161irova\u0165 svoju \u010dinnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<h2>N\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1rske funkcie mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov<\/h2>\n<p>MSP plnia viacer\u00e9 n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1rske funkcie, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00fdch je najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ia <strong>ekonomick\u00e1<\/strong> (v r\u00e1mci nej ide o <em>decentraliz\u00e1ciu hospod\u00e1rskeho syst\u00e9mu<\/em> \u2013 t.j. o prispenie MSP k zachovaniu konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia na trhu poskytovan\u00edm slobodnej vo\u013eby pre \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov trhu, spojenej so sank\u010dn\u00fdm mechanizmom postihuj\u00facim nev\u00fdkonn\u00e9 a nekonkurencieschopn\u00e9 podniky, \u010falej v r\u00e1mci nej o <em>v\u00fdrobno-rastov\u00fa<\/em> <em>funkciu<\/em> \u2013 MSP s\u00fa vystaven\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu konkuren\u010dn\u00e9mu tlaku v porovnan\u00ed s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi podnikmi a t\u00e1to skuto\u010dnos\u0165 n\u00fati MSP k tlaku na rozvoj technick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010denia (inov\u00e1cie), <em>funkciu z\u00e1sobovaciu (ponukov\u00fa<\/em>) MSP\u2013 prejavuje sa najm\u00e4 v produkcii nielen spotrebn\u00fdch tovarov a slu\u017eieb, ale aj v tom \u017ee tieto podniky s\u00fa aj dod\u00e1vate\u013emi polov\u00fdrobkov a hotov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov pre ve\u013ek\u00e9 firmy, <em>funkciu region\u00e1lneho rozvoja<\/em> a pod.).<br \/>\n\u010eal\u0161ou n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1rskou funkciou je <strong>spolo\u010densk\u00e1<\/strong> (v r\u00e1mci nej ide o <em>zamestn\u00e1vate\u013esk\u00fa funkciu<\/em> \u2013 je u\u017e spomenut\u00e1 pri prednostiach MSP \u2013 ide predov\u0161etk\u00fdm o tvorbu nov\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch miest, \u010falej o <em>vzdel\u00e1vaci\u00fa funkciu<\/em> \u2013 pri nej ide o to, \u017ee kvalita a kvantita odborne pripraven\u00fdch a vzdelan\u00fdch odborn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edkov v n\u00e1rodnom hospod\u00e1rstve z\u00e1vis\u00ed do ve\u013ekej miery od pripravenosti a schopnosti mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov tak\u00e9to vzdel\u00e1vanie umo\u017e\u0148ova\u0165 \u2013 s\u00fa\u010dasne aj pracovn\u00e9 podmienky (v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch s\u00favislostiach medzi ne mo\u017eno zaradi\u0165 i mo\u017enos\u0165 seberealiz\u00e1cie) v mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikoch s\u00fa zo strany zamestnancov \u010dasto lep\u0161ie hodnoten\u00e9 ako vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch aj napriek \u010dasto dlh\u0161iemu priemern\u00e9mu pracovn\u00e9mu \u010dasu, resp. vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1robkom odborn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edkov vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikoch. \u010casto mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky s\u00fa pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017eliv\u00e9 pre mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed aj z poh\u013eadu profesijnej seberealiz\u00e1cie. Pon\u00fakaj\u00fa kvalifikovan\u00fdm kandid\u00e1tom u\u017e v mlad\u0161om veku n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie riadiace funkcie v porovnan\u00ed s mo\u017enos\u0165ami vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikoch. \u010ealej v r\u00e1mci spolo\u010denskej funkcie ide <em>potvrdenie slobody v spolo\u010dnosti<\/em> \u2013 pr\u00e1va a teda aj mo\u017enosti slobody podnikania a pod.<br \/>\nPozn. Sloboda podnikania je u n\u00e1s garantovan\u00e1 \u00fastavou v r\u00e1mci z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a doh\u00f4d. Je v nej uveden\u00e9 (\u010dl\u00e1nok 35) \u201eKa\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo na slobodn\u00fa vo\u013ebu povolania a pr\u00edpravu na\u0148, ako aj pr\u00e1vo podnika\u0165 a uskuto\u010d\u0148ova\u0165 in\u00fa z\u00e1robkov\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<h2>Politick\u00e1 funkcia MSP<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 je aj <strong>politick\u00e1 funkcia<\/strong>, v ktorej ide o stabilitu demokracie, uv\u00e1dzanie plurality do praxe a podobne (aj v s\u00favislosti s vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom).<br \/>\nV medzin\u00e1rodnom kontexte v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm h\u013eadiskom hodnotenia a uznania MSP bolo stanovisko <strong>V\u00fdboru priemyslu OECD<\/strong> (1991), ktor\u00fd zv\u00fdraznil v\u00fdznam a pr\u00edspevok MSP predov\u0161etk\u00fdm k zamestnanosti a charakterizoval \u0161pecifick\u00fa povahu <strong><em>podpory MSP<\/em><\/strong> zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tu nasledovne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>podpora zakladania MSP a pomoc v za\u010diato\u010dnej f\u00e1ze podnikania,<\/li>\n<li>podpora rozvoja MSP vytvoren\u00edm vhodn\u00e9ho technick\u00e9ho a ekonomick\u00e9ho prostredia a podpora podnikate\u013eskej zru\u010dnosti,<\/li>\n<li>redukovanie prek\u00e1\u017eok \u2013 osobitne finan\u010dnej a administrat\u00edvnej povahy, ktor\u00e9 sa vyskytuj\u00fa vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch f\u00e1zach existencie MSP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>K uveden\u00e9mu stanovisku OECD sa vo vedeckej a praktickej rovine postupne pripojili krajiny Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie a aj Slovensk\u00e1 republika.<\/p>\n<h2>Nev\u00fdhody MSP vo\u010di ve\u013ek\u00fdm podnikom<\/h2>\n<p>Pre\u010do podpora? Ide o to, \u017ee mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky sa oproti ve\u013ek\u00fdm podnikom vyzna\u010duj\u00fa aj ur\u010dit\u00fdmi konkuren\u010dn\u00fdmi nev\u00fdhodami, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 ozna\u010di\u0165 ako <strong>\u0161tandartn\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody<\/strong>, preto\u017ee vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z podstaty mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania ako tak\u00e9ho. Je to najm\u00e4:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>obmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k (finan\u010dn\u00fdm)zdrojom<\/em>&#8211; vzh\u013eadom na vysok\u00e9 riziko (neexistencia \u00faverovej hist\u00f3rie, relat\u00edvne vysok\u00e1 miera zad\u013a\u017eenia, obmedzen\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 ru\u010denia), ako aj mal\u00fd objem p\u00f4\u017ei\u010dky je z\u00edskavanie komer\u010dn\u00fdch \u00faverov MSP bu\u010f nemo\u017en\u00e9, alebo kompenzovan\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom nev\u00fdhodnej\u0161\u00edch podmienok (ak vych\u00e1dzame z toho, \u017ee predlo\u017een\u00fd podnikate\u013esk\u00fd z\u00e1mer je realizovate\u013en\u00fd a rentabiln\u00fd),<\/li>\n<li><em>vysok\u00e1 administrat\u00edvna n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165<\/em> pre MSP (napr. niekedy iba 1 zamestnanec na administrat\u00edvu),<\/li>\n<li><em>n\u00edzka koncentr\u00e1cia a men\u0161ia mo\u017enos\u0165 roz\u0161irovania v\u00fdroby<\/em> \u2013 preto MSP nem\u00f4\u017eu kupova\u0165 ve\u013ea surov\u00edn a polotovarov, a tak nez\u00edskavaj\u00fa z\u013eavy a rabat ako ve\u013ek\u00e9 podniky (vy\u0161\u0161ie jednotkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady),<\/li>\n<li><em>v oblasti marketingu nemaj\u00fa dostatok prostriedkov na reklamu<\/em> <em>a propag\u00e1ciu<\/em> &#8211; v d\u00f4sledku toho m\u00f4\u017eu \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov. Cenov\u00e1 politika z\u00e1vis\u00ed od toho, \u010di ide o produkt substitu\u010dn\u00fd, alebo nie. Pri substitu\u010dn\u00fdch sa cena odv\u00edja od cien produktov ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikov, naproti tomu pri nesubstitu\u010dn\u00fdch mo\u017eno vytvori\u0165 vlastn\u00fa cenov\u00fa politiku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Oproti uveden\u00fdm \u0161tandartn\u00fdm nev\u00fdhod\u00e1m s\u00fa (a boli) mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky na Slovensku e\u0161te osobitne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00e9. Ide potom o ne\u0161tandartn\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody, ktor\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa so \u0161pecifick\u00fdch podmienok podnikania v Slovenskej republike. MSP navy\u0161e v Slovenskej republike \u010delia mnoh\u00fdm <a title=\"Bari\u00e9ry rozvoja a vytv\u00e1ranie vhodn\u00e9ho prostredia pre MSP\" href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/bariery-rozvoja-a-vytvaranie-vhodneho-prostredia-pre-msp\/\">bari\u00e9ram rozvoja MSP<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010clenenie MSP a vymedzenie podnikate\u013ea<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u010clenenie a vymedzenie kateg\u00f3rie mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podniku a mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikate\u013ea. <\/strong>Krit\u00e9ria kategoriz\u00e1cie MSP s\u00fa mnohostrann\u00e9 a v jednotliv\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 rozdielne. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>predmet \u010dinnosti,<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00e1vna forma,<\/li>\n<li>ve\u013ekos\u0165 podniku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pod\u013ea <strong>predmetu<\/strong> \u010dinnosti mo\u017eno \u010dleni\u0165 MSP na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MSP orientuj\u00face sa na fin\u00e1lne potreby obyvate\u013estva, poskytuj\u00face predov\u0161etk\u00fdm r\u00f4zne slu\u017eby a niektor\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky,<\/li>\n<li>MSP zabezpe\u010duj\u00face potreby in\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, a to:<\/li>\n<li>MSP produkuj\u00face fin\u00e1lne v\u00fdrobky,<\/li>\n<li>MSP vyr\u00e1baj\u00face komponenty hotov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov &#8211; \u010dasto sa z nich st\u00e1vaj\u00fa satelitmi ve\u013ek\u00fdch firiem,<\/li>\n<li>MSP p\u00f4sobiace v oblasti slu\u017eieb (ve\u013ekoobchodn\u00e9 podniky \u2013 sklady, konzulta\u010dn\u00e9 firmy, at\u010f.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z h\u013eadiska <strong>pr\u00e1vnych foriem<\/strong> rozli\u0161ujeme podniky jednotlivcov a podniky spolo\u010dnost\u00ed.<br \/>\n<strong>Ve\u013ekos\u0165 podniku<\/strong> je relat\u00edvny pojem. Z d\u00f4vodu dynamiky a mnohotv\u00e1rnosti re\u00e1lnych podnikov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 problematick\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 jednotn\u00e9 pravidlo, preto sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva nie jeden ale viac znakov, ktor\u00e9 sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za reprezentat\u00edvne pre ve\u013ekos\u0165 podniku. Tieto znaky sa \u010dlenia na<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kvantitat\u00edvne a<\/li>\n<li>kvalitat\u00edvne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Medzi <strong>kvantitat\u00edvne znaky na meranie ve\u013ekosti<\/strong> podniku patr\u00ed predov\u0161etk\u00fdm:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>po\u010det zamestnancov,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>ve\u013ekos\u0165 obratu (tr\u017eieb),<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>ve\u013ekos\u0165 kapit\u00e1lu (celkov\u00e9ho, pr\u00edpadne vlastn\u00e9ho),<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>ve\u013ekos\u0165 fixn\u00e9ho majetku.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Kvalitat\u00edvne ukazovatele<\/strong> m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 merate\u013en\u00e9, ako je napr. intenzita pr\u00e1ce, postavenie podniku na trhu \u2013 relat\u00edvny podiel na trhu a pod., a nemerate\u013en\u00e9, napr. typ organiza\u010dnej \u0161trukt\u00fary.<br \/>\nJednotliv\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 poskytuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne str\u00e1nky poh\u013eadu a h\u013eadisk\u00e1 pozn\u00e1vania MSP. V\u0161etky krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 s\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z h\u013eadiska pochopenia ich stavu a procesu v\u00fdvoja.<br \/>\nAko naj\u010dastej\u0161ie meradlo ve\u013ekosti podniku sa pou\u017e\u00edva po\u010det zamestnancov a v\u00fd\u0161ka obratu.<\/p>\n<h2>Mal\u00fd a stredn\u00fd podnikate\u013e v Slovenskej republike<\/h2>\n<p>V podmienkach Slovenskej republiky v zmysle z\u00e1kona \u010d. 231\/1999 Z. z. o \u0161t\u00e1tnej pomoci (+ novely) sa:<br \/>\n1) <strong> mal\u00fdm podnikate\u013eom<\/strong> p\u00f4vodne (pod\u013ea p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho znenia) rozumel:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>podnikate\u013e, ktor\u00fd zamestn\u00e1val menej ako 50 zamestnancov,<\/li>\n<li>dosahoval ro\u010dn\u00fd obrat najviac 7 mili\u00f3nov EUR alebo vykazoval v \u00fa\u010dtovnej z\u00e1vierke \u00farove\u0148 bilancie (hodnotu akt\u00edv) najviac 5 mili\u00f3nov EUR,<\/li>\n<li>a bol ekonomicky nez\u00e1visl\u00fd.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>2) <strong>Stredn\u00fdm podnikate\u013eom<\/strong> sa rozumel:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>podnikate\u013e, ktor\u00fd zamestn\u00e1val menej ako 250 zamestnancov,<\/li>\n<li>dosahoval ro\u010dn\u00fd obrat najviac 40 mili\u00f3nov EUR alebo vykazoval v \u00fa\u010dtovnej z\u00e1vierke \u00farove\u0148 bilancie najviac 27 mili\u00f3nov EUR,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>3) a bol <strong>ekonomicky nez\u00e1visl\u00fd<\/strong>.<br \/>\nEkonomicky nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm podnikate\u013eom sa rozumel tak\u00fd podnikate\u013e u ktor\u00e9ho<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>podiel in\u00fdch podnikate\u013eov ako mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikate\u013eov na z\u00e1kladnom imanii alebo hlasovac\u00edch pr\u00e1vach nebol 25 % a viac,<\/li>\n<li>podiel tak\u00fdch mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikate\u013eov, ktor\u00fdch zakladate\u013emi boli in\u00ed podnikatelia ako mal\u00ed a stredn\u00ed podnikatelia, na z\u00e1kladnom imanii alebo hlasovac\u00edch pr\u00e1vach nebol 25 % a viac,<\/li>\n<li>a boli preuk\u00e1zate\u013ene zisten\u00e9 tieto vlastn\u00edcke vz\u0165ahy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Mikropodniky a mikropodnikanie na Slovensku<\/h2>\n<p>S platnos\u0165ou od 1.1.2005 Eur\u00f3pska komisia prijala (6.5.2003) odpor\u00fa\u010danie na nov\u00fa defin\u00edciu MSP i tzv. mikropodnikov. Pod\u013ea nej:<br \/>\n<strong>Mikropodnik<\/strong> je ak po\u010det zamestnancov &lt; 10, ro\u010dn\u00fd obrat \u00a3 2 mil. EUR celkov\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00e1 bilancia (suma akt\u00edv) \u00a3 2 mil. EUR.<br \/>\n<strong>Mal\u00fd podnik <\/strong>je ak po\u010det zamestnancov &lt; 50, ro\u010dn\u00fd obrat \u00a3 10 mil. EUR a celkov\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00e1 bilancia \u00a3 10 mil. EUR.<br \/>\n<strong>Stredn\u00fd podnik<\/strong> je ak po\u010det zamestnancov &lt; 250, ro\u010dn\u00fd obrat \u00a3 50 mil. EUR a celkov\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00e1 bilancia \u00a3 43 mil. EUR.<br \/>\nS\u00fa\u010dasne mus\u00ed \u00eds\u0165 o tzv. <strong>auton\u00f3mny<\/strong> podnik na ktor\u00e9ho defin\u00edciu s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie charakteristiky, a to:<br \/>\nPodnik sa ch\u00e1pe ako auton\u00f3mny napr\u00edklad ak:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nevlastn\u00ed podiely v in\u00fdch podnikoch a in\u00e9 podniky nevlastnia jeho podiely, alebo<\/li>\n<li>ke\u010f vlastn\u00ed menej ako 25 % podielov jedn\u00e9ho, alebo viacer\u00fdch in\u00fdch podnikov a in\u00e9 podniky vlastnia menej ako 25 % jeho podielov z \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zv\u00e4zkov,<\/li>\n<li>ke\u010f vlastn\u00ed celkovo menej ako 25 % podielov previazan\u00fdch podnikov a oni vlastnia celkovo menej ako 25 % jeho podielov<\/li>\n<li>at\u010f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na vysvetlenie pojmu previazan\u00fd podnik existuj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161ie charakteristiky. Po novele z\u00e1kona o \u0161t\u00e1tnej pomoci p\u00f4vodn\u00e1 defin\u00edcia MSP bola zru\u0161en\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h2>Financovanie mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov na Slovensku<\/h2>\n<p>Kompletn\u00fd preh\u013ead mo\u017enost\u00ed financovania mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov, intern\u00e9, extern\u00e9 a verejn\u00e9 zdroje, fondy E\u00da, bankov\u00fd \u00faver a in\u00e9 zdroje financovania MSP n\u00e1jdete na str\u00e1nke<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/financovanie-malych-a-strednych-podnikov\/\">Financovanie mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mo\u017eno kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky (MSP) s\u00fa neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou cel\u00e9ho spektra firiem vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine kraj\u00edn vo svete. V krajin\u00e1ch Organiz\u00e1cie pre hospod\u00e1rsku spolupr\u00e1cu &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":25300,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[551,52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-podnikam","category-podnikanie"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00fdznam mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania v SR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podnikanie na Slovensku, defin\u00edcia MSP a podnikate\u013ea. 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