{"id":8097,"date":"2022-12-04T16:17:33","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T15:17:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=8097"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:58:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:58:25","slug":"bariery-rozvoja-a-vytvaranie-vhodneho-prostredia-pre-msp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/bariery-rozvoja-a-vytvaranie-vhodneho-prostredia-pre-msp\/","title":{"rendered":"Bari\u00e9ry rozvoja a vytv\u00e1ranie vhodn\u00e9ho prostredia pre MSP"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa bari\u00e9ry a stimuly rozvoja mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov (MSP) a d\u00f4vody ne\u00faspe\u0161nosti mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov?<\/strong> Vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch s vyspelou trhovou ekonomikou sa sna\u017eia odstra\u0148ova\u0165 prek\u00e1\u017eky, ktor\u00e9 stoja v ceste rozvoja MSP a tak vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 podmienky na ich prosperitu. V\u00fdznamnou \u00falohou v tejto s\u00favislosti je najsk\u00f4r identifik\u00e1cia t\u00fdchto probl\u00e9mov (prek\u00e1\u017eok, nev\u00fdhod) a potom aj ich rie\u0161enie. V\u0161eobecne hovor\u00edme o bari\u00e9rach rozvoja MSP, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno roz\u010dleni\u0165 na extern\u00e9 a intern\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry. <a title=\"V\u00fdznam mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania v SR\" href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/vyznam-maleho-a-stredneho-podnikania-v-sr\/\">Mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky s\u00fa v\u00fdznamnou a neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou<\/a> cel\u00e9ho spektra firiem vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine kraj\u00edn vo svete.<\/p>\n<h2>Extern\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry rozvoja MSP<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Extern\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry<\/strong> rozvoja s\u00fa bari\u00e9ry dan\u00e9 podnikate\u013esk\u00fdm subjektom zvonku ako napr. opatrenia hospod\u00e1rskej politiky, nedostato\u010dn\u00e1 rozpracovanos\u0165 pr\u00e1vnych predpisov, nerozvinut\u00e9 trhov\u00e9 prostredie, resp. objekt\u00edvne vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z podstaty mal\u00e9ho a stredn\u00e9ho podnikania ako tak\u00e9ho. Podnikatelia nemaj\u00fa ve\u013ea mo\u017enost\u00ed ovplyvni\u0165 p\u00f4sobenie t\u00fdchto bari\u00e9r. Niektor\u00e9 tieto bari\u00e9ry u\u017e boli uveden\u00e9 a ozna\u010den\u00e9 ako \u0161tandartn\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody MSP.<br \/>\nOproti t\u00fdmto uveden\u00fdm \u0161tandartn\u00fdm nev\u00fdhod\u00e1m (bari\u00e9ram) s\u00fa, resp. boli (pr\u00edpadne m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165) MSP v SR (pr\u00edpadne aj v in\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch) v\u00fdrazne znev\u00fdhodnen\u00e9 aj nasledovn\u00fdmi \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi nev\u00fdhodami (a teda aj bari\u00e9rami) pre podnikanie. T\u00fdka sa to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm nasledovn\u00fdch ot\u00e1zok:<\/p>\n<h3>Diskrimina\u010dn\u00e1 da\u0148 z pr\u00edjmu<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Diskrimina\u010dn\u00e1 da\u0148 z pr\u00edjmu<\/strong> (u n\u00e1s najm\u00e4 do 31.12. 2003) e\u0161te relat\u00edvne ned\u00e1vno aj u n\u00e1s predstavovala priame znev\u00fdhodnenie MSP oproti ve\u013ek\u00fdm podnikom, najm\u00e4 ak berieme do \u00favahy, \u017ee existovalo neproporcion\u00e1lne vy\u0161\u0161ie za\u0165a\u017eenie fyzick\u00fdch os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa v SR a\u017e 85 % mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov (existovala progres\u00edvna da\u0148 z pr\u00edjmov fyzick\u00fdch os\u00f4b), v porovnan\u00ed s pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdmi osobami (t\u00ed platili in\u00fa da\u0148 &#8211; da\u0148 z pr\u00edjmov pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch os\u00f4b). Okrem dane z pr\u00edjmu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 MSP diskriminovan\u00e9 (aj v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti) aj vo\u010di zahrani\u010dn\u00fdm podnikom, najm\u00e4 ve\u013ek\u00fdm investorom pri poskytovan\u00ed politiky podpory zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch invest\u00edci\u00ed (napr. da\u0148ov\u00e9 pr\u00e1zdniny, \u00fa\u013eavy a pod.), pri\u010dom si tieto podniky aj \u010dasto konkuruj\u00fa &#8211; tak\u017ee znev\u00fdhodnen\u00e9 mal\u00e9 subjekty m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 t\u00fdmto priamo motivovan\u00e9 aj na vyh\u00fdbanie sa zdaneniu, aby kompenzovali svoju konkuren\u010dn\u00fa nev\u00fdhodu. S\u00fa\u010dasne aj celkov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie da\u0148ami bolo vysok\u00e9. Toto za\u0165a\u017eenie nebolo sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 len sadzbami dan\u00ed (pr\u00edpadne odvodov) ale aj in\u00fdmi faktormi. Napr\u00edklad deformovan\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom stanovovania z\u00e1kladu pre v\u00fdpo\u010det dane, odvodu, \u010di poplatku. Op\u00e4\u0165 typick\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom bol z\u00e1kon o dani z pr\u00edjmov, u ktor\u00e9ho sa postupn\u00fdmi \u00fapravami vyl\u00fa\u010dil \u010doraz \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed okruh v\u00fddavkov, ktor\u00e9 neboli da\u0148ovo uzn\u00e1van\u00e9, napriek tomu, \u017ee preuk\u00e1zate\u013ene sl\u00fa\u017eili na dosahovanie pr\u00edjmov, pr\u00edpadne sa viazala uznate\u013enos\u0165 v\u00fddavkov na podmienku zaplatenia (zru\u0161en\u00e9). V minulosti sa postupne obmedzovala a\u017e znemo\u017e\u0148ovala mo\u017enos\u0165 prenosu da\u0148ovej straty do \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zda\u0148ovac\u00edch obdob\u00ed a pod. D\u00f4sledky t\u00fdchto deform\u00e1ci\u00ed v\u017edy vo zv\u00fd\u0161enej miere dopadaj\u00fa na mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky, a to aj vzh\u013eadom na ich relat\u00edvne vy\u0161\u0161iu administrat\u00edvnu za\u0165a\u017eenos\u0165. Napr. sledovanie \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edctva a s\u00fa\u010dasne zlo\u017eitej osobitnej evidencie n\u00e1kladov pre \u00fa\u010dely dan\u00ed je pre firmu s mal\u00fdm po\u010dtom zamestnancov v\u00fdrazne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom ako pre ve\u013ek\u00fa firmu, ktor\u00e1 si m\u00f4\u017ee dovoli\u0165 zriadi\u0165 osobitn\u00e9 oddelenie len pre ot\u00e1zky dan\u00ed.<br \/>\nFaktory nespravodlivosti a absencie ekonomickej logiky v da\u0148ovom syst\u00e9me spolu s relat\u00edvne vysok\u00fdm da\u0148ov\u00fdm a odvodov\u00fdm za\u0165a\u017een\u00edm potom v\u017edy m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi psychologick\u00fdmi momentmi podporuj\u00facimi v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie neochoty plati\u0165 dane a presun \u010dasti podnikania do sf\u00e9ry tie\u0148ovej ekonomiky. Tieto faktory pritom ove\u013ea silnej\u0161ie p\u00f4sobia v MSP, kde \u00fanik od leg\u00e1lnej do sf\u00e9ry pololeg\u00e1lnej alebo vyslovene tie\u0148ovej ekonomiky je ove\u013ea jednoduch\u0161\u00ed, ako pri ve\u013ek\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch s ove\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stup\u0148om formaliz\u00e1cie \u010dinnosti a organiza\u010dnej \u0161trukt\u00fary. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 firmy tie\u017e dok\u00e1\u017eu efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie optimalizova\u0165 svoje vlastn\u00e9 da\u0148ov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie, preto ich probl\u00e9m vysok\u00fdch dan\u00ed netr\u00e1pi do tej miery ako mal\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 podniky.<\/p>\n<h3>Odvodov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie MSP a s\u00favisiace probl\u00e9my<\/h3>\n<p>Typ rozvoja v podmienkach Slovenska, ktor\u00fd je zalo\u017een\u00fd na vysokej n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti na pracovn\u00fa silu a mzdy sa prejavuje aj vo vysokej \u00farovni odvodov. U MSP, v ktor\u00fdch n\u00e1kladovej \u0161trukt\u00fare vo v\u0161eobecnosti existuje <strong>vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed podiel<\/strong> <strong>mzdov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov ako u ve\u013ek\u00fdch podnikov<\/strong>, sa teda negat\u00edvne prejavoval (prejavuje) aj da\u0148ov\u00fd (odvodov\u00fd) klin (t.j. rozdiel medzi celkov\u00fdmi n\u00e1kladmi pr\u00e1ce vynalo\u017een\u00fdmi zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eom na jedn\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka mesa\u010dne a mesa\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edjmom zamestnanca), ktor\u00fd v SR predstavuje pribli\u017ene 40 %.<br \/>\nV tejto s\u00favislosti si treba tie\u017e uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee prijatie nov\u00e9ho zamestnanca predstavuje pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea z\u00e1v\u00e4zok zabezpe\u010di\u0165 pre neho mzdu a pr\u00e1cu nielen v obdob\u00ed rozvoja, ale aj \u00fatlmu. Nasleduj\u00faci pr\u00edklad vyjadruje ak\u00e1 bola resp. ak\u00e1 je priem. cena zamestnanca po zoh\u013eadnen\u00ed zmien v z\u00e1konn\u00edku pr\u00e1ce (pred i po novele ZP k 1.9. 2007) a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ekon. dopady na zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea v s\u00favislosti s flexibilitou pracovnopr\u00e1vnych vz\u0165ahov. Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee obdobie od 1.7.2003 a\u017e do 31.8. 2007 mo\u017eno hodnoti\u0165 z poh\u013eadu zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea pozit\u00edvne.<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mesa\u010dn\u00e1 mzda (f v NH v r. 2007) 20 146,- Sk<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>668,73 EUR<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Odvody na n\u00e1klady zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea: (od r. 2004 a\u017e doteraz \u2013 35,2%*)<\/td>\n<td>235,39 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pr\u00edspevok do soci\u00e1lneho fondu (min. 0,6 %)<\/td>\n<td>4,01 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pr\u00edspevok na stravovanie zamestnanca<\/td>\n<td>cca 43,00 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Minim\u00e1lne pracovn\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky (odhad)<\/td>\n<td>cca 4,00 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>N\u00e1klady na dovolenku (2 dni v mesiaci + poistn\u00e9)<\/td>\n<td>83,18 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SPOLU<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>1038,31 EUR<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Pozn. (\/668,73 + 235,39\/ : 21,74) * 2 dni = 83,1757 (priemern\u00fd po\u010det pracovn\u00fdch dn\u00ed v mesiaci \u2013 21,74) * 21,75 d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 poistenie (14 odvody do starobn\u00e9ho poistenia, 3 invalidn\u00e9ho poistenia a 4,75 do rezervn\u00e9ho fondu solidarity), 1 poistenie v nezamestnanosti, 1,4 nemocensk\u00e9, 0,25 garan\u010dn\u00e9 poistenie, 10 zdravotn\u00e9, 0,8 \u00farazov\u00e9 (od 1.1.2007 0,3 \u2013 2,1 pod\u013ea triedy nebezpe\u010dnosti pr\u00e1ce)<br \/>\nPozn. Odvody zamestnanca: Celkovo 13,4 %, z toho d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 7 % (z toho starobn\u00e9 4 % a invalidn\u00e9 3 %,) v nezamestnanosti 1 %, nemocensk\u00e9 1,4 % a zdravotn\u00e9 4 %)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pr\u00edspevok do soci\u00e1lneho fondu pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona \u010d. 152\/1999 Z. z. o soci\u00e1lnom fonde (+ novely)sa tvor\u00ed v minim\u00e1lnej v\u00fd\u0161ke 0,6 % z hrub\u00fdch miezd (platov) z\u00fa\u010dtovan\u00fdch zamestnancom na v\u00fdplatu za be\u017en\u00fd rok, z ktor\u00fdch sa zis\u0165uje priemern\u00fd z\u00e1robok na pracovnopr\u00e1vne \u00fa\u010dely (t.j. bez n\u00e1hrad, odstupn\u00e9ho, cestovn\u00fdch n\u00e1hrad, at\u010f.). Soci\u00e1lny fond sa pou\u017e\u00edva na regener\u00e1ciu pracovnej sily, na soci\u00e1lnu v\u00fdpomoc, na rekre\u00e1cie, na zabezpe\u010denie stravovania nad rozsah uveden\u00fd v Z\u00e1konn\u00edku pr\u00e1ce, at\u010f.<\/li>\n<li>Pod\u013ea Z\u00e1konn\u00edku pr\u00e1ce je minim\u00e1lny n\u00e1rok pr\u00edspevku na stravovanie vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 55 % z ceny jedla, najviac v\u0161ak na ka\u017ed\u00e9 jedlo do v\u00fd\u0161ky 55 % stravn\u00e9ho poskytovan\u00e9ho pri pracovnej ceste v trvan\u00ed 5 a\u017e 12 hod\u00edn pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona o cestovn\u00fdch n\u00e1hrad\u00e1ch \u010d. 283\/2002 Z.z. (v znen\u00ed z\u00e1kona \u010d. 530\/2004 Z.z. a z\u00e1kona \u010d. 81\/2005). V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti (od 1.4.2009) ide o \u010diastku 55 % z 3,60 Eura), t.j. = 1,98 Eura . Spravidla mus\u00ed by\u0165 v\u0161ak splnen\u00e1 podmienka v\u00fdkonu pr\u00e1ce viac ako 4 hodiny \u2013 vi\u010f ni\u017e\u0161ie. (Pozn. sumy stravn\u00e9ho pre \u010dasov\u00e9 p\u00e1sma 12-18 hod. \u2013 5,40 Eura, nad 18 hod. \u2013 8,30 Eura)<\/li>\n<li>Pod\u013ea novely ZP od (1.9.2007) mus\u00ed hodnota gastrol\u00edstkov predstavova\u0165 najmenej 75 % stravn\u00e9ho poskytovan\u00e9ho pri prac. ceste v trvan\u00ed 5 a\u017e 12 hod\u00edn, tzn. aktu\u00e1lne 2,70 Eura (od 1.4.2009), z toho pr\u00edspevok firmy mus\u00ed by\u0165 najmenej 55 %, tzn. aktu\u00e1lne najmenej 1,485 Eura. Prispieva sa aj tomu kto vykon\u00e1va pr\u00e1cu doma, alebo vykon\u00e1va telepr\u00e1cu, ak firma nezabezpe\u010d\u00ed stravovanie in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Po prerokovan\u00ed so z\u00e1stupcami zamestnancov zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee na pracovisku upravi\u0165 aj podmienky, za ktor\u00fdch bude poskytova\u0165 stravovanie po\u010das dovolenky \u010di inej ospravedlnenej nepr\u00edtomnosti v pr\u00e1ci. V praxi so znamen\u00e1, \u017ee firma m\u00f4\u017ee poskytn\u00fa\u0165 stravovanie nielen zamestnancom, ktor\u00ed v r\u00e1mci prac. smeny odpracovali viac ako 4 hodiny, ale aj zamestnancom \u010derpaj\u00facim dovolenku, alebo aj pri prek\u00e1\u017ekach v pr\u00e1ci na strane zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea \u010di zamestnanca.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ako u\u017e bolo uveden\u00e9 na stravovanie je mo\u017en\u00e9 prispie\u0165 aj zo soci\u00e1lneho fondu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 v\u00fdmera dovolenky je 4 t\u00fd\u017edne. Po 15. ich rokoch pracovn\u00e9ho pomeru po 18. roku veku je 5 t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pri takto zadan\u00fdch podmienkach jeden odpracovan\u00fd mesiac predstavoval v roku 2007 pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea skuto\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady pribli\u017ene 1040 Eur. Aj v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e za\u010dne ma\u0165 probl\u00e9my so zabezpe\u010den\u00edm pr\u00e1ce, z\u00e1v\u00e4zky vo\u010di pracovn\u00edkovi trvaj\u00fa. Ak chcel zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e pracovn\u00fd pomer skon\u010di\u0165, v\u00fdpovedn\u00e1 lehota z t\u00fdchto d\u00f4vodov bola (od 1.7. 2003 do 31.8.2007) 2 mesiace (pred 1.7.2003 a\u017e 3 mesiace) (ak bola dan\u00e1 v\u00fdpove\u010f zamestnancovi, ktor\u00fd odpracoval u zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea najmenej 5 rokov bola v\u00fdpovedn\u00e1 lehota 3 mesiace) a <strong>odstupn\u00e9<\/strong> <strong>sa pri v\u00fdpovedi neplatilo<\/strong> (1.7.2003 \u2013 31.8.2007), resp. zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e bol povinn\u00fd v pr\u00edpade ukon\u010denia pracovn\u00e9ho pomeru dohodou (t.j. bez v\u00fdpovednej doby) zaplati\u0165 odstupn\u00e9 minim\u00e1lne vo v\u00fd\u0161ke priemernej mzdy za 2 mesiace (ak i\u0161lo o zamestnanca, ktor\u00fd odpracoval u zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea najmenej 5 rokov bolo odstupn\u00e9 tie\u017e za 3 mesiace). Od 1.9.2007 po \u00fa\u010dinnosti novely ZP doch\u00e1dza k stavu, \u017ee ak niektor\u00fd zamestnanec dostane v\u00fdpove\u010f, z\u00edska odstupn\u00e9 i mzdu za \u010das, \u010do mu plynie v\u00fdpovedn\u00e1 lehota (\u010di\u017ee op\u00e4\u0165 nast\u00e1va s\u00fabeh odstupn\u00e9ho a v\u00fdpovednej lehoty, preto op\u00e4\u0165 preto\u017ee aj pred 1.7.2003 existoval tak\u00fdto s\u00fabeh). Prepo\u010det n\u00e1kladov (modelovo pre legislat\u00edvne podmienky platn\u00e9 do 31.8.2007 a pre legislat\u00edvne podmienky platn\u00e9 od 1.9. 2007 pri priemernej mzde z roku 2007) :<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mzda (2 mesiace)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>1337,46 EUR<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Odvody (2 mesiace)<\/td>\n<td>470,78 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Soci\u00e1lny fond (2 mesiace)<\/td>\n<td>8,02 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pr\u00edspevok na stravovanie (2 mesiace)<\/td>\n<td>cca 86,00 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pracovn\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky (2 mesiace)<\/td>\n<td>8,00 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Odstupn\u00e9 (2 mesiace)<\/td>\n<td>1337,46 EUR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SPOLU: V obdob\u00ed od 1.9.2007 (t.j. pri s\u00fabehu odstupn\u00e9ho za 2 mesiace a v\u00fdpovednej lehoty za 2 mesiace<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>3247,72 EUR<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>V obdob\u00ed do 31.8.2007 (od 1.7.2003) pri v\u00fdpovedi (2 mesiace): 1910,26 Eur, resp. pri odstupnom (2 mesiace) iba 1337,46 Eur !!!<\/strong><br \/>\nTeda rozchod zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea s nepotrebn\u00fdm zamestnancom v obdob\u00ed od 1.9.2007 predstavuje pre neho n\u00e1klady pribli\u017ene 3250,- Eur, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia so z\u00e1konn\u00fdmi n\u00e1rokmi zamestnanca a povinnos\u0165ami zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea. Ako je zrejm\u00e9 pred \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165ou novely Z\u00e1konn\u00edka pr\u00e1ce k 1.9. 2007 boli tieto n\u00e1klady \u010di u\u017e pri v\u00fdpovedi alebo odstupnom v\u00fdrazne ni\u017e\u0161ie.<br \/>\n<strong>Z uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee rozhodnutie prija\u0165 nov\u00e9ho zamestnanca v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je pre MSP takmer rovnako v\u00e1\u017ene ako rozhodnutie o invest\u00edcii<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Skryt\u00e1 zamestnanos\u0165<\/h3>\n<p>S uveden\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami s\u00favis\u00ed aj ot\u00e1zka <strong>skrytej zamestnanosti. <\/strong>Fenom\u00e9n skrytej zamestnanosti nie je \u0161pecifikum iba SR. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 krajina m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fd podiel tzv. skrytej ekonomiky. T\u00e1to zah\u0155\u0148a ekonomick\u00e9 aktivity, pri v\u00fdkone ktor\u00fdch sa ich vykon\u00e1vate\u013e vyh\u00fdba splneniu z\u00e1konn\u00fdch podmienok fungovania ekonomickej entity. Preto aj kvantifik\u00e1cia skrytej ekonomiky je mimoriadne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, ke\u010f\u017ee \u010dinnos\u0165, produkcia a zamestnanos\u0165 v r\u00e1mci nej nie je registrovate\u013en\u00e1 \u0161tatisticky. Nemo\u017enos\u0165 kvantifik\u00e1cie v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee skryt\u00e1 ekonomika a teda aj skryt\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca neexistuje. V podmienkach SR je d\u00f4kazom jej existencie aj skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee napr. v niektor\u00fdch rokoch (napr. najm\u00e4 v r. 1999) prudko r\u00e1stla nezamestnanos\u0165, r\u00e1stla s\u00fa\u010dasne aj spotreba obyvate\u013estva a aj vklady obyvate\u013estva v bank\u00e1ch. Tento rast nezodpovedal rastu produktivity pr\u00e1ce a miezd.<br \/>\nOdhady skrytej zamestnanosti v SR sa pohybovali v minulosti a\u017e okolo 200 000 (za\u010diatkom roka 2003). V tomto po\u010dte b\u00fdvaj\u00fa zahrnut\u00ed evidovan\u00ed nezamestnan\u00ed, ktor\u00ed v \u010dase ich registr\u00e1cie na \u00farade pr\u00e1ce soci\u00e1lnych vec\u00ed a rodiny vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa z\u00e1robkov\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 (s\u00fa\u010dasne si tie\u017e neplnia odvodov\u00e9 a da\u0148ov\u00e9 povinnosti). Okrem uvedenej skupiny tento po\u010det zah\u0155\u0148a aj zamestnan\u00fdch ob\u010danov a cudzincov, ktor\u00ed pracuj\u00fa na r\u00f4znych \u201eneregistrovan\u00fdch\u201c fu\u0161k\u00e1ch (hlavne v stavebn\u00edctve, slu\u017eb\u00e1ch, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve a obchode). Skryt\u00e1 zamestnanos\u0165 sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vyskytuje v prev\u00e1dzkach mal\u00fdch podnikov. D\u00f4vody vo v\u0161eobecnosti s\u00fa (resp. boli) tieto:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>da\u0148ov\u00e9 a odvodov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie podnikate\u013eov, ktor\u00e9 predra\u017euje n\u00e1klady na pracovn\u00e9 miesto. T\u00e1to skuto\u010dnos\u0165 sa najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie prejavuje pr\u00e1ve v tejto ve\u013ekostnej kateg\u00f3rii podnikov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa probl\u00e9my so z\u00edskavan\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov,<\/li>\n<li>byrokracia spojen\u00e1 s registr\u00e1ciou zamestnanca a s veden\u00edm agendy po\u010das zamestnania je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na \u010das a prostriedky a v mal\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch je \u010dasto len jeden zamestnanec \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 na starosti vedenie celej \u00fa\u010dtovnej a mzdovej agendy,<\/li>\n<li>v mal\u00fdch podnikoch je priamy a osobn\u00fd kontakt medzi zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eom a zamestnancom, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje tzv. platby na ruku,<\/li>\n<li>mal\u00e9 podniky s\u00fa v\u010faka svojej ve\u013ekosti viac flexibiln\u00e9 a m\u00f4\u017eu pru\u017ene reagova\u0165 na potreby trhu, ale pracovn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo zaost\u00e1valo vo flexibilite (resp. m\u00f4\u017ee zaost\u00e1va\u0165) zamestnaneck\u00fdch pomerov. Neregistrovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca umo\u017e\u0148uje zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eovi kedyko\u013evek pracovn\u00edka prija\u0165 a aj prepusti\u0165 pod\u013ea potreby a teda maximalizova\u0165 efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 svojej \u010dinnosti. Na druhej strane mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia v\u00edtaj\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 privyrobi\u0165 si i za cenu, \u017ee ich pr\u00e1ca je vlastne neleg\u00e1lna. Vznik\u00e1 tak obojstrann\u00e9 v\u00fdhodn\u00fd vz\u0165ah zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e \u2013 neleg\u00e1lny pracovn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd zabezpe\u010duje neprezradite\u013enos\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Potrebn\u00e1 zmena ekonomick\u00e9ho prostredia by preto mala reagova\u0165 na hlavn\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010diny atraktivity skrytej zamestnanosti pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eov a to formou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zn\u00ed\u017eenia odvodov\u00e9ho a da\u0148ov\u00e9ho za\u0165a\u017eenia \u010do by malo zlacnie\u0165 vytv\u00e1ranie pracovn\u00fdch miest,<\/li>\n<li>zavedenia tak\u00fdch foriem pracovnopr\u00e1vneho vz\u0165ahu, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa flexibiln\u00e9 zmeny pracovn\u00e9ho \u010dasu,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>S\u00fa\u010dasne je tie\u017e nevyhnutn\u00e9 zni\u017eova\u0165 administrat\u00edvnu n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 zamestn\u00e1vania.<br \/>\nV s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je teda mo\u017en\u00e9 kon\u0161tatova\u0165 r\u00f4zne zmeny v s\u00favislosti s realiz\u00e1ciou da\u0148ovej reformy od 1.1.2004, zmeny v s\u00favislosti s novelami Z\u00e1konn\u00edka pr\u00e1ce (od 1.7.2003 do 31.8. 2007, a od 1.9. 2007), zmeny v z\u00e1kone o soci\u00e1lnom poisten\u00ed (\u010d. 461\/2003 Z. z.) \u2013 zmeny v odvodoch do poistn\u00fdch fondov a tie\u017e zmeny v s\u00favislosti s vydan\u00edm z\u00e1kona o neleg\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ci a neleg\u00e1lnom zamestn\u00e1van\u00ed (z\u00e1kon \u010d. 82\/2005 \u2013 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 od 1.4.2005).<br \/>\nBoli a s\u00fa zaveden\u00e9 nov\u00e9 formy pracovn\u00fdch \u010dasov \u2013 p\u00f4vodne do 20 hod\u00edn t\u00fd\u017edenne. Tak\u00fdto pracovn\u00fd pomer mohol zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e i zamestnanec skon\u010di\u0165 v\u00fdpove\u010fou z ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek d\u00f4vodu, aj bez uvedenia d\u00f4vodu (aj od 1.9.2007 to na\u010falej plat\u00ed, ale len ak ide o pracovn\u00fd pomer trvaj\u00faci menej ako 15 hod\u00edn t\u00fd\u017edenne). V\u00fdpovedn\u00e1 lehota bola 15 dn\u00ed (po novom od 1.9.2007 30 dn\u00ed) a za\u010d\u00edna plyn\u00fa\u0165 d\u0148om doru\u010denia v\u00fdpovede. K 1.7.2004 boli zru\u0161en\u00e9 dohody o pracovnej \u010dinnosti, ale od 1.9. 2007s\u00fa op\u00e4\u0165 obnoven\u00e9 a na z\u00e1klade nich je mo\u017en\u00e9 pracova\u0165 najviac 10 hod\u00edn t\u00fd\u017edenne (15 denn\u00e1 v\u00fdpovedn\u00e1 lehota).<\/p>\n<h3>Vysok\u00e1 administrat\u00edvna n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 pre MSP \u0161pecificky v SR<\/h3>\n<p>Ide o nejednotnos\u0165 r\u00f4znych formul\u00e1rov pre r\u00f4zne in\u0161tit\u00facie ale pribli\u017ene rovnak\u00fd \u00fa\u010del, platenie do r\u00f4znych fondov namiesto do jedn\u00e9ho centra a pod. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok in\u00e9, ale podobn\u00e9 formul\u00e1re a pod. (napr. z\u00fa\u010dtovanie zdravotn\u00e9ho poistenia).<\/p>\n<h3>Nepreh\u013eadn\u00e1 a meniaca sa legislat\u00edva<\/h3>\n<p>Zlo\u017eit\u00e1, nepreh\u013eadn\u00e1 a \u010dasto sa meniaca legislat\u00edva prehlbuje \u0161tandartn\u00fa nev\u00fdhodu MSP \u2013 vysok\u00fa administrat\u00edvnu za\u0165a\u017eenos\u0165. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 za\u0165a\u017euje najm\u00e4 mal\u00e9 podniky a \u017eivnostn\u00edkov. MSP s\u00fa na tento probl\u00e9m obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 citliv\u00e9 preto\u017ee nedisponuj\u00fa \u0161peci\u00e1lnymi oddeleniami, ktor\u00e9 by sa zaoberali sledovan\u00edm aktu\u00e1lnych zmien legislat\u00edvneho r\u00e1mca a zmien sp\u00f4sobu regul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00e1vna neistota a vym\u00e1hate\u013enos\u0165 pr\u00e1va<\/h3>\n<p>Pr\u00e1vna neistota a problematick\u00e1 vym\u00e1hate\u013enos\u0165 pr\u00e1va m\u00e1 tie\u017e diskrimina\u010dn\u00fd efekt na MSP, najm\u00e4 ak je spojen\u00e1 s vysokou mierou korupcie a v SR uplat\u0148ovan\u00fdm precedensom rozdielneho uhla pr\u00e1vneho v\u00fdkladu v z\u00e1vislosti od ve\u013ekosti pr\u00edpadu.<\/p>\n<h3>Nefunk\u010dn\u00fd kapit\u00e1lov\u00fd trh<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/financovanie-malych-a-strednych-podnikov\/\">Kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 financovanie mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov<\/a> predstavuje jeden z tradi\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov rozvoja podnikov, v\u010d\u00edtanie MSP. V pr\u00edpade, ak je kapit\u00e1lov\u00fd trh nefunk\u010dn\u00fd (pr\u00edpad SR), vzh\u013eadom na spom\u00ednan\u00e9 \u0161tandartne obmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k zdrojom s\u00fa MSP odk\u00e1zan\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou na financovanie rozvoja z kumulovan\u00fdch vlastn\u00fdch zdrojov. Navy\u0161e aj t\u00e1to mo\u017enos\u0165 financovania m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 obmedzen\u00e1 vzh\u013eadom na u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00e9 odvodov\u00e9 a da\u0148ov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie MSP.<br \/>\nVzh\u013eadom na nefunk\u010dnos\u0165 slovensk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho trhu kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho trhu je v\u00fdznamne obmedzen\u00fd aj n\u00e1stroj, za norm\u00e1lnych podmienok ve\u013emi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd pre MSP \u2013 <strong>financovanie rizikov\u00fdm kapit\u00e1lom<\/strong> (venture capital). Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edm \u0161pecifikom pre rizikov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l je priamy vstup do z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho imania firmy. Niekedy ide aj kapit\u00e1lov\u00fd vstup s \u00faverom, alebo konvertibiln\u00fdm \u00faverom (ak ned\u00f4jde k jeho splateniu, jeho nesplaten\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sa zmen\u00ed na vlastn\u00edctvo zodpovedaj\u00faceho podielu v spolo\u010dnosti). Investor sa spravidla nepodie\u013ea na operat\u00edvnom riaden\u00ed, ale spolupracuje s podnikate\u013eom len na strategick\u00fdch rozhodnutiach a tie\u017e poskytuje finan\u010dn\u00e9 poradenstvo. Ide v podstate o partnerstvo podnikate\u013ea a investora. V SR tak\u00fdto sp\u00f4sob financovania realizuje napr. Slovensko \u2013 Americk\u00fd podnikate\u013esk\u00fd fond (SAEF \u2013 Slovak American Enterprice Fund) (zdroje pre fond s\u00fa vy\u010dlenen\u00e9 americk\u00fdm kongresom) a Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 z\u00e1rodkov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu (Seed Capital Company) \u2013 t\u00e1to spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bola v roku 2006 pretransformovan\u00e1 na tzv. <strong>Fond fondov<\/strong> a do jej portf\u00f3lia pribudli okrem 2 p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch fondov (Fond \u0161tartovacieho kapit\u00e1lu \u2013 pre cel\u00fa SR a Region\u00e1lny fond \u0161tartovacieho kapit\u00e1lu pre BB, ZA, KE, PO) 2 nov\u00e9 fondy rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu a to: Fond seed capital -ur\u010den\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00facim podnikate\u013eom a Slovensk\u00fd rozvojov\u00fd fond \u2013 tento by mal financova\u0165 rastov\u00fa f\u00e1zu podnikov, Genesis Capital &#8211; GC).<br \/>\n\u0160t\u00e1t sa v oblasti podpory rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu obvykle anga\u017euje jedn\u00fdm z nasledovn\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>vytvoren\u00edm priazniv\u00fdch podmienok pre s\u00fakromn\u00e9 objekty, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa z\u00e1rodkov\u00fd, prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fd, \u010di rozvojov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l (prostredn\u00edctvom poskytnutia da\u0148ov\u00fdch zv\u00fdhodnen\u00ed pre fondy rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu, alebo prostredn\u00edctvom poskytnutia v\u00fdhodn\u00fdch dlhodob\u00fdch a n\u00edzko\u00faro\u010den\u00fdch \u00faverov fondom rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu z prostriedkov \u0161t\u00e1tneho rozpo\u010dtu, pr\u00edpadne prostredn\u00edctvom priameho kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho vstupu \u0161t\u00e1tu do t\u00fdchto fondov,<\/li>\n<li>podporou koordinovan\u00e9ho postupu s\u00fakromn\u00fdch a \u0161t\u00e1tnych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed zaoberaj\u00facich sa financovan\u00edm MSP.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>V podmienkach SR je vhodn\u00e9 tie\u017e sa pok\u00fasi\u0165 o zv\u00fd\u0161enie ponuky rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu, ktor\u00e1 je dnes minim\u00e1lna. Napr\u00edklad organizovan\u00edm tzv. investorsk\u00fdch konferenci\u00ed v z\u00e1ujme vytvorenia platformy pre na jednej strane predstavenie ponuky rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu \u2013 t.j. fondy p\u00f4sobiace v SR, region\u00e1lne fondy p\u00f4sobiace v susedn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch a maj\u00face mo\u017enos\u0165 investova\u0165 aj v SR, pr\u00edpadne \u010fal\u0161ie fondy a in\u0161tit\u00facie, ktor\u00e9 zatia\u013e v SR nep\u00f4sobia a na druhej strane predstavenie dopytu po tomto druhu kapit\u00e1lu, pri\u010dom dopyt je prezentovan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom konkr\u00e9tnych zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch podnikate\u013esk\u00fdch z\u00e1merov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa progres\u00edvny charakter, av\u0161ak kv\u00f4li vysokej rizikovosti si neboli schopn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 tradi\u010dn\u00e9 bankov\u00e9 financovanie.<\/p>\n<h3>Fragmentovan\u00fd r\u00e1mec podpory MSP<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Syst\u00e9m a r\u00e1mec podpory mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti zna\u010dne fragmentovan\u00fd<\/strong> (podporu MSP poskytuj\u00fa okrem MH SR aj \u010fal\u0161ie rezorty s programami na podporu MSP) a rozdroben\u00fd na ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det mal\u00fdch programov. Jednotliv\u00e9 rezorty nedostato\u010dne koordinuj\u00fa svoju \u010dinnos\u0165, \u010do sa prejavuje zamie\u0148an\u00edm resp. stoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00edm politiky podpory MSP s region\u00e1lnym rozvojom, politikou rozvoja vidieka, strat\u00e9giou trhu pr\u00e1ce a pod. Nedostato\u010dne s\u00fa koordinovan\u00e9 aj aktivity jednotliv\u00fdch podporn\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed (NARMSP, SZRB, Region\u00e1lne rozvojov\u00e9 agent\u00fary, SARIO, at\u010f.) \u010do vyvol\u00e1va dojem neefekt\u00edvnosti a netransparentnosti vyu\u017eitia verejn\u00fdch prostriedkov na podporu MSP.<\/p>\n<h2>Intern\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry rozvoja MSP<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Intern\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry (subjekt\u00edvne bari\u00e9ry)<\/strong> a d\u00f4vody ne\u00faspe\u0161nosti mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov, bari\u00e9ry rozvoja \u010di d\u00f4vody ne\u00faspe\u0161nosti \u010dasto vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zo samotnej podstaty podnikate\u013esk\u00e9ho subjektu, a teda ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee \u010dasto vhodn\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm aj odstr\u00e1ni\u0165. K t\u00fdmto bari\u00e9ram i d\u00f4vodom ne\u00faspe\u0161nosti patria:<\/p>\n<h3>Nedostato\u010dn\u00e1 motiv\u00e1cia<\/h3>\n<p>Motiv\u00e1cia je pre rozvoj podnikania v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm \u010dinite\u013eom, pri\u010dom motiva\u010dn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 do zna\u010dnej miery ovplyv\u0148ovan\u00e1 opatreniami hospod\u00e1rskej politiky, pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165ami na realiz\u00e1ciu vlastn\u00fdch ziskov, predst\u00e1v, alebo aj medzerami v nepreh\u013eadnej legislat\u00edve.<\/p>\n<h3>Obava z rizika<\/h3>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 podnikate\u013esk\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 je spojen\u00e1 s ur\u010ditou mierou neistoty a rizika a preto ka\u017ed\u00fd podnikate\u013e mus\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 s rizikom \u010di u\u017e vonkaj\u0161\u00edm alebo vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm. \u00daspech, alebo ne\u00faspech podnikania ur\u010duj\u00fa spravidla tri kateg\u00f3rie rizika, a to ekonomick\u00e9 riziko spojen\u00e9 s ekonomikou v ktorej sa dan\u00fd podnik nach\u00e1dza, odvetvov\u00e9 riziko a riziko spojen\u00e9 so samotn\u00fdm podnikan\u00edm. Odstr\u00e1nenie niektor\u00fdch faktorov vonkaj\u0161ieho rizika znamen\u00e1 vytvori\u0165 pre podnikate\u013eov vhodn\u00e9 podnikate\u013esk\u00e9 prostredie, odstr\u00e1nenie vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch faktorov rizika znamen\u00e1 zlep\u0161enie pripravenosti podnikate\u013eov na podnikanie. Rizik\u00e1 je potrebn\u00e9 vedie\u0165 analyzova\u0165, rie\u0161i\u0165, a tak \u010deli\u0165 ich negat\u00edvnemu dopadu na podnik. Podnikate\u013esk\u00e9 rizik\u00e1: technick\u00e9 (kvalita produkcie, poruchovos\u0165 v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, zastaranos\u0165 strojov\u00e9ho parku, soci\u00e1lne (\u0161trajky, pracovn\u00e1 discipl\u00edna), riziko po\u017eiarov a hav\u00e1ri\u00ed, inova\u010dn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 (v\u00fdrobkov, technol\u00f3gie, organiz\u00e1cie, organiza\u010dno-pr\u00e1vnej normy), rizik\u00e1 z\u00e1sobovacie a odbytov\u00e9 (kvalita a cena produktov, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/cenova-elasticita-dopytu-a-jej-prakticke-vyuzitie\/\">elasticita dopytu<\/a>, kvantita, dopravn\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, chovanie z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov), rizik\u00e1 subdod\u00e1vate\u013ek\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov (podnikate\u013e by mal pozna\u0165 mieru z\u00e1vislosti od subdod\u00e1vate\u013eov, zabezpe\u010di\u0165 si prostriedky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00face rozdelenie rizika), rizik\u00e1 v informa\u010dnom syst\u00e9me (podnikatelia pracuj\u00fa s vysokorizikov\u00fdmi inform\u00e1ciami \u2013 \u00fadaje, ich vierohodnos\u0165, presnos\u0165 a vyu\u017eite\u013enos\u0165 maj\u00fa pre P vysok\u00fa hodnotu), <strong>riziko investovania<\/strong> (to mo\u017eno zaradi\u0165 medzi najcite\u013enej\u0161ie sa prejavuj\u00face na \u00faspe\u0161nosti podnikate\u013esk\u00e9ho subjektu \u2013 ide o to, \u017ee v \u010dase investovania sa riadime \/berieme do \u00favahy\/ platn\u00fdmi cenami, da\u0148ov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom, mierou infl\u00e1cie, dostupnos\u0165ou finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov, dopytom, ponukou na dom\u00e1com a zahrani\u010dnom trhu a ich v\u00fdvoj po\u010das investovania (\u017eivotnosti invest\u00edcie) v\u0161ak mo\u017eno iba predv\u00edda\u0165. Vi\u010f problematika investovania.<br \/>\nPozn. Rizik\u00e1 treba vedie\u0165 analyzova\u0165, rie\u0161i\u0165 a tak \u010deli\u0165 ich negat\u00edvnemu dopadu na podnik.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u00edzka \u00farove\u0148 znalost\u00ed a inform\u00e1ci\u00ed i sk\u00fasenost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Podnikate\u013e, ktor\u00fd chce pre\u017ei\u0165 v konkurencii mus\u00ed ma\u0165 odborn\u00e9 vedomosti, pozna\u0165 legislat\u00edvu a spr\u00e1vne ju aplikova\u0165, mus\u00ed ma\u0165 znalosti z marketingu, mana\u017ementu, person\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ce, pr\u00e1ce s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom, cudz\u00edch jazykov a podobne.<\/p>\n<h3>Neexistencia v\u00fdrobnej alebo obchodnej strat\u00e9gie<\/h3>\n<p>MSP by mal najsk\u00f4r spracova\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fa podnikate\u013esk\u00fa strat\u00e9giu, vedie\u0165 komu chce produkt pon\u00faka\u0165, vedie\u0165 \u010di bude konkurencieschopn\u00fd, a a\u017e potom budova\u0165 podnik.<\/p>\n<h3>Neadekv\u00e1tne optimistick\u00e1 predstava o trhu<\/h3>\n<p>Bez prieskumu trhu nemo\u017eno za\u010da\u0165 podnika\u0165, podnikate\u013e mus\u00ed pozna\u0165 konkurentov a odhadn\u00fa\u0165 ich konkuren\u010dn\u00fa silu.<\/p>\n<h3>Podce\u0148ovanie vo\u013eby vhodn\u00e9ho okamihu za\u010datia podnikania<\/h3>\n<p>Je potrebn\u00e9 si uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee od my\u0161lienky za\u010da\u0165 podnika\u0165 po prv\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazn\u00edka prejde ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das, s ktor\u00fdm podnikate\u013e mus\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u0165. Patr\u00ed sem \u010das na zriadenie alebo vybavenie v\u00fdrobn\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm, r\u00f4zne vybavovania po \u00faradoch, bank\u00e1ch a pod.<\/p>\n<h3>Nedostatok pracovn\u00e9ho \u2013 \u0161tartovacieho kapit\u00e1lu<\/h3>\n<p>Je potrebn\u00e9 odhadn\u00fa\u0165 pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 toky, po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 s mo\u017enos\u0165ou, \u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edk nezaplat\u00ed ihne\u010f, resp. nezaplat\u00ed v\u00f4bec, podhodnotenie kalkul\u00e1cie jednotkov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov a pod.<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00edli\u0161 n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 za\u010datie podnikania<\/h3>\n<p>Na za\u010diatku podnikania nie je vhodn\u00e9 min\u00fa\u0165 v\u0161etky prostriedky ur\u010den\u00e9 na podnikanie (auto, drah\u00fd in\u00fd majetok a pod.) \u2013 je potrebn\u00e9 po\u010dka\u0165 na stabiln\u00fd pr\u00edsun tr\u017eieb, sna\u017ei\u0165 sa roz\u0161irova\u0165 \u010dinnos\u0165 a pod.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00f4sledky r\u00fdchleho rozvoja<\/h3>\n<p>Ide o to, \u017ee \u010dasto v po\u010diato\u010dnom \u0161t\u00e1diu men\u00ed podnik svoju dynamiku ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo, objem predaja rastie, rast\u00fa zisky, tie sa vkladaj\u00fa e\u0161te do r\u00fdchlej\u0161ieho rastu a podnik sa dost\u00e1va do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho kolapsu, v pr\u00edpade \u017ee na realiz\u00e1ciu nesta\u010dia tr\u017eby.<\/p>\n<h3>Podnikate\u013e si pletie hotov\u00e9 peniaze zo ziskom<\/h3>\n<p>Hotovos\u0165 prich\u00e1dzaj\u00faca do podniku nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za mzdu, podnikate\u013e \u010dasto hotovos\u0165 pou\u017eije na vylep\u0161enie svojho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u0161tandardu a potom nem\u00e1 \u010d\u00edm plati\u0165 bank\u00e1m, za n\u00e1jom at\u010f.<\/p>\n<h3>Nevhodn\u00fd v\u00fdber miesta podnikania<\/h3>\n<p>Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 spr\u00e1vne si zvoli\u0165 miesto prev\u00e1dzky, obchodu \u010di slu\u017eieb, pr\u00edli\u0161 drah\u00fd n\u00e1jom v lukrat\u00edvnom prostred\u00ed nezvl\u00e1dne podnikate\u013e plati\u0165, pr\u00edli\u0161 lacn\u00fd na perif\u00e9rii m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee nez\u00edska z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n<h3>Nespr\u00e1vny v\u00fdber a v\u00fdchova \u013eud\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00fdsledky podniku v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa zamestnanci, preto je potrebn\u00e9 venova\u0165 ich v\u00fdberu ve\u013ek\u00fa pozornos\u0165.<\/p>\n<h3>Nespr\u00e1vne veden\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edctvo<\/h3>\n<p>Podnikatelia niekedy ekonomick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, ako aj vedenie \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edctva pova\u017euj\u00fa za zbyto\u010dn\u00e9, podce\u0148uj\u00fa ho niekedy ho robia bez ak\u00fdchko\u013evek odborn\u00fdch vedomost\u00ed. Tak\u00fdto podnik nem\u00e1 dlh\u00e9 trvanie, preto\u017ee napr. na z\u00e1klade neodborne veden\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edctva nezvl\u00e1dne da\u0148ov\u00e9 priznanie, plat\u00ed r\u00f4zne sankcie, pokuty a pod. (zbyto\u010dne)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa bari\u00e9ry a stimuly rozvoja mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov (MSP) a d\u00f4vody ne\u00faspe\u0161nosti mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov? Vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch s vyspelou trhovou ekonomikou &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":25285,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[551,52],"tags":[53],"class_list":["post-8097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-podnikam","category-podnikanie","tag-peniaze"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bari\u00e9ry rozvoja a vytv\u00e1ranie vhodn\u00e9ho prostredia pre MSP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Extern\u00e9 a intern\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry rozvoja a stimuly rozvoja MSP a d\u00f4vody ne\u00faspe\u0161nosti mal\u00fdch a stredn\u00fdch podnikov\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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