{"id":8927,"date":"2023-01-12T21:44:17","date_gmt":"2023-01-12T20:44:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=8927"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:58:04","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:58:04","slug":"novoveka-filozofia-a-francis-bacon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/novoveka-filozofia-a-francis-bacon\/","title":{"rendered":"Novovek\u00e1 filozofia a Francis Bacon"},"content":{"rendered":"

Z\u00e1klady novovekej filozofie<\/h2>\n

Prv\u00e9 bur\u017eo\u00e1zne revol\u00facie v z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe (v Holandsku v 16. storo\u010d\u00ed a v Anglicku v 17. storo\u010d\u00ed) vytvorili priazniv\u00e9 podmienky na rozvoj vedy a filozofie. Vznikaj\u00faci bur\u017eo\u00e1zny spolo\u010densk\u00fd poriadok vytl\u00e1\u010dal nielen feud\u00e1lne v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy, ale uskuto\u010d\u0148oval revol\u00faciu aj v duchovnom \u017eivote, preto\u017ee sa nemohol uspokoji\u0165 so stredovek\u00fdm scholastick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom myslenia. Na svoj rozvoj potreboval nov\u00fa vedu, ktor\u00e1 by objekt\u00edvne pozn\u00e1vala z\u00e1kony pr\u00edrody, re\u00e1lne vysvet\u013eovala probl\u00e9my \u017eivota a ktor\u00e1 by pom\u00e1hala \u013eudskej praxi, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v\u00fdrobe a obchodu.
\nV tak\u00fdch podmienkach, pochopite\u013ene, nast\u00e1va rozkvet pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch vied a techniky. Vedci a myslitelia sa \u017eivo zauj\u00edmaj\u00fa o pr\u00edrodu a o jej sp\u00e4tos\u0165 s \u010dlovekom. Na z\u00e1klade \u00faspechov pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch vied, najm\u00e4 mechaniky a matematiky, vznik\u00e1 aj nov\u00fd filozofick\u00fd \u2013 mechanick\u00fd poh\u013ead na svet, ktor\u00fd bol v t\u00fdch \u010dasoch v porovnan\u00ed so \u0161pekulat\u00edvnou stredovekou filozofiou ve\u013ek\u00fdm pokrokom.<\/p>\n

Filozofick\u00e9 zov\u0161eobec\u0148ovanie<\/h2>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edvanie jednotliv\u00fdch met\u00f3d a postupov pri sk\u00faman\u00ed pr\u00edrody malo svoje d\u00f4sledky aj vo filozofickom zov\u0161eobec\u0148ovan\u00ed. Jedna skupina filozofov sa sna\u017eila univerzalizova\u0165 matematick\u00fa met\u00f3du, kde pri dokazovan\u00ed pravdivosti prevl\u00e1da postup dedukcie, k\u00fdm druh\u00e1 skupina univerzalizovala empirick\u00fa met\u00f3du a uprednost\u0148ovala postup indukcie. Takto vo filozofii vznikli dva pr\u00fady: racionalizmus a empirizmus. Racionalisti pokladali v pozn\u00e1van\u00ed za prvorad\u00fd rozum. Tvrdili, \u017ee myslen\u00edm sa postihuje podstata veci priamo, nez\u00e1visle od zmyslovej sk\u00fasenosti. Zmyslov\u00e9 fakty pokladali za beztvar\u00fd materi\u00e1l, z ktor\u00e9ho rozum formuje poznanie. Zmyslov\u00e9 fakty pokladali za beztvar\u00fd materi\u00e1l, z ktor\u00e9ho rozum formuje poznanie. Na rozdiel od racionalistov empirici vysvet\u013eovali poznanie zo zmyslovej sk\u00fasenosti. Pod\u013ea nich \u010dlovek bez nej nem\u00f4\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165 \u017eiadne poznatky o vonkaj\u0161om svete. Vz\u0165ah medzi racion\u00e1lnym a empirick\u00fdm v pozn\u00e1van\u00ed vystupoval v novovekej filozofii ako jeden z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov a mo\u017eno poveda\u0165, \u017ee ani dnes nestratil na aktu\u00e1lnosti.
\nPre priekopn\u00edkov novovekej filozofie bolo charakteristick\u00e9, \u017ee program vedeck\u00e9ho b\u00e1dania pripravovali na z\u00e1klade empirick\u00fdch poznatkov a racion\u00e1lneho sk\u00famania v jednotliv\u00fdch oblastiach pozn\u00e1vania pr\u00edrody a spolo\u010dnosti. Boli proti uzn\u00e1vaniu ak\u00fdchko\u013evek dogiem a autor\u00edt, ak odporovali \u013eudskej sk\u00fasenosti a rozumu \u2013 t\u00fdm sa ich filozofia pri\u010dinila o elimin\u00e1ciu teologick\u00fdch a scholastick\u00fdch \u0161pekul\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 vtedy brzdili rozvoj vedeck\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1vania.<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon (1561 \u2013 1626)<\/h2>\n

Francis Bacon <\/strong>(1561 \u2013 1626) <\/strong>patril do novovekej filozofie – obdobia ve\u013ek\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, v ktorej si vytvoril svoju vlastn\u00fa – empirick\u00fa filozofiu. Narodil sa ako syn str\u00e1\u017ecu ve\u013ekej pe\u010date kr\u00e1\u013eovnej Al\u017ebety I. v Lond\u00fdne. U\u017e ako 12-ro\u010dn\u00fd za\u010dal \u0161tudova\u0165 na univerzite v Cambridgei. Nesk\u00f4r bol advok\u00e1tom na kr\u00e1\u013eovskom dvore a \u010dlenom parlamentu. V roku 1618 sa stal lordom-kancel\u00e1rom a bar\u00f3nom z Verulamu, neskor\u0161ie vikomtom zo St. Albans. Zaplietol sa do korup\u010dnej af\u00e9ry, bol ob\u017ealovan\u00fd a ods\u00faden\u00fd na vysok\u00fd pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fd trest, stratu v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u00faradov a uv\u00e4znen\u00fd v Toweri. Hoci ho kr\u00e1\u013e Jakub I. zakr\u00e1tko omilostil, Bacon sa venoval u\u017e len \u0161t\u00fadiu a vedeck\u00e9mu sk\u00famaniu. Pri jednom z experimentov v zime roku 1626 \u2013 chcel zisti\u0165, \u010di m\u00f4\u017ee chlad rovnako dobre konzervova\u0165 m\u00e4so ako so\u013e (naplnil vypitvan\u00e9 kur\u010da snehom) \u2013 \u0165a\u017eko prechladol a o nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed zomrel.<\/span><\/p>\n

4 druhy idolov pod\u013ea Francisa Bacona<\/h2>\n

Pod\u013ea Bacona v \u010dloveku existuj\u00fa ist\u00e9 vroden\u00e9 i z\u00edskan\u00e9 predsudky, prek\u00e1\u017eky, \u010di nepravdiv\u00e9 pojmy, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1m zabra\u0148uj\u00fa zmeni\u0165 sp\u00f4sob n\u00e1\u0161ho poznania. Tieto predsudky naz\u00fdva \u201eidolmi\u201c. Rozozn\u00e1va pri tom 4 druhy idolov a to:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. idoly kme\u0148a<\/strong> \u2013 s\u00fa tak\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z \u013eudskej prirodzenosti (ich z\u00e1klad spo\u010d\u00edva v \u013eudskom rode, kmeni) a nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 sa ich nijak zbavi\u0165. \u010cloveka vn\u00edma ako ist\u00fa bytos\u0165 jedn\u00fdm a nie in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Ke\u010f je na toto pozn\u00e1vanie zvyknut\u00fd je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 (nemo\u017en\u00e9) ho zmeni\u0165.<\/li>\n
  2. idoly jaskyne<\/strong> \u2013 s\u00favisia s vlastn\u00fdmi individu\u00e1lnymi predpokladmi, mo\u017enos\u0165ami a vplyvmi, ktor\u00e9 formuj\u00fa jednotlivca. Tohto bytostn\u00e9ho zalo\u017eenia sa jednotlivec dok\u00e1\u017ee \u010diasto\u010dne (ale nie \u00faplne) zbavi\u0165.<\/li>\n
  3. idoly trhu<\/strong> \u2013 tieto sa daj\u00fa \u00faplne odstr\u00e1ni\u0165. Vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zo vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9ho dorozumievania sa \u013eud\u00ed medzi sebou. \u013dudia pomen\u00favaj\u00fa veci tak, ako ich pochopia. V\u010faka tomu vznikaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne skreslen\u00e9 v\u00fdmysly a spory.<\/li>\n
  4. idoly divadla<\/strong> \u2013 vznikaj\u00fa nekritick\u00fdm preberan\u00edm ist\u00fdch my\u0161lienok \u010di met\u00f3d pozn\u00e1vania. Tieto sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa omyln\u00fdmi dogmami, ktor\u00e9 sa potom v\u0161eobecne prij\u00edmaj\u00fa. T\u00fdchto idolov sa \u010dlovek jednozna\u010dne m\u00f4\u017ee zbavi\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    V\u0161etky tieto idoly s\u00fa pre nov\u00fa met\u00f3du pozn\u00e1vania istou z\u00e1branou, preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 aby sa \u010dlovek od nich \u010do najviac odp\u00fatal a o\u010distil sa od nich.<\/p>\n

    Dva druhy vied pod\u013ea Bacona<\/h2>\n

    Francis Bacon rozli\u0161uje dva druhy vied a to vedu, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 pr\u00edrodou (sk\u00fama pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 \u00fakazy) a na vedu, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 Bohom (sk\u00fama a h\u013ead\u00e1 odpovede na teologick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky). Pre Bacona bola d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia pr\u00e1ve prv\u00e1 veda – veda zaoberaj\u00faca sa pr\u00edrodou na ktor\u00fa upriamil svoju pozornos\u0165. Poznatky pritom del\u00ed na dve skupiny a to:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. teoretick\u00e9 poznatky<\/em> – d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 s\u00fa pre rozvoj pr\u00edrodnej vedu samotnej<\/li>\n
    2. praktick\u00e9 poznatky <\/em>\u2013 prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa tak\u00e9 poznatky, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 v praxi. Ide pri nich o praktick\u00fa vyu\u017eite\u013enos\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Ak chce \u010dlovek pr\u00edrodu spozna\u0165, mus\u00ed pozna\u0165 jej fungovanie, z\u00e1konitosti a z\u00e1kutia. Len tento \u010dlovek dok\u00e1\u017ee pr\u00edrodu pozna\u0165 kvalitne a dobre.<\/p>\n

      Nov\u00e9 Organon<\/h2>\n

      Vybran\u00e9 aforizmy o v\u00fdklade pr\u00edrody a o vl\u00e1de \u010dloveka z diela Nov\u00e9 Organon:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u010clovek, slu\u017eobn\u00edk a vyklada\u010d pr\u00edrody, m\u00f4\u017ee vyklada\u0165 a vedie\u0165 len to\u013eko, ko\u013eko na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fasenosti alebo rozumom odpozoroval z poriadku pr\u00edrody; viac nevie a nem\u00f4\u017ee.<\/li>\n
      2. Jedinou pr\u00ed\u010dinou a kore\u0148om takmer v\u0161etk\u00e9ho zla vo ved\u00e1ch je to, \u017ee neopr\u00e1vnene obdivuj\u00fac a vychva\u013euj\u00fac sily \u013eudskej mysle neh\u013ead\u00e1me pre \u0148u prav\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky.<\/li>\n
      3. Bolo by nerozumn\u00e9 a protire\u010div\u00e9 domnieva\u0165 sa, \u017ee nikdy neuroben\u00e9 veci m\u00f4\u017eu sa urobi\u0165 iba dosia\u013e nikdy nevysk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom.<\/li>\n
      4. Aj keby sa zi\u0161li v\u0161etci nadan\u00ed mu\u017ei v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dias a spolo\u010dne sa dali do pr\u00e1ce a o v\u0161etkom sa navz\u00e1jom informovali, pomocou antici\u00e1ci\u00ed nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 urobi\u0165 vo ved\u00e1ch ve\u013ek\u00fd pokrok, preto\u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 omyly v po\u010diato\u010dnej pr\u00e1ci mysle sa neskor\u0161ie nedaj\u00fa napravi\u0165 ani vynikaj\u00facimi pr\u00e1cami a prostriedkami.<\/li>\n
      5. M\u00e1rne sa o\u010dak\u00e1va ve\u013ek\u00fd pokrok vo ved\u00e1ch, ak sa star\u00e9 odlieva nov\u00fdm a nov\u00e9 \u0161tep\u00ed do star\u00e9ho. Treba \u00faplne v\u0161etko obrodi\u0165, ak sa nechceme ustavi\u010dne to\u010di\u0165 v kruhu a uspokoji\u0165 sa s \u00faboh\u00fdm a takmer bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd pokrokom.<\/li>\n
      6. V\u0161etk\u00fdm star\u00fdm spisovate\u013eom prin\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed \u00facta, preto\u017ee neporovn\u00e1vame ani ich nadanie ani schopnosti, ale ich met\u00f3dy, a nehr\u00e1me \u00falohu sudcu, ale \u00falohu ukazovate\u013ea cesty k pravde.<\/li>\n
      7. Ani sp\u00f4sob ako pod\u00e1va\u0165 alebo vyklada\u0165 na\u0161e n\u00e1zory nie je \u013eahk\u00fd, preto\u017ee to, \u010do je samo o sebe nov\u00e9, bude sa m\u00f4c\u0165 pochopi\u0165 len na z\u00e1klade anal\u00f3gie so star\u00fdm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Z\u00e1klady novovekej filozofie Prv\u00e9 bur\u017eo\u00e1zne revol\u00facie v z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe (v Holandsku v 16. storo\u010d\u00ed a v Anglicku v 17. storo\u010d\u00ed) vytvorili priazniv\u00e9 podmienky na rozvoj … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":25037,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[553],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vzdelavam-sa"],"yoast_head":"\nNovovek\u00e1 filozofia a Francis Bacon<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Novovek\u00e1 filozofia a Francis Bacon. 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