{"id":9500,"date":"2023-01-16T22:17:45","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T21:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=9500"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:58:03","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:58:03","slug":"dochodky-plynuce-vlastnikom-vyrobnych-cinitelov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/dochodky-plynuce-vlastnikom-vyrobnych-cinitelov\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00f4chodky plyn\u00face vlastn\u00edkom v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Pojem d\u00f4chodok je ve\u013emi pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm slovn\u00fdm spojen\u00edm v ekonomickom \u017eivote. D\u00f4chodok vlastne vyjadruje celkov\u00fd objem pe\u0148az\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 z\u00edska jednotlivec alebo dom\u00e1cnos\u0165 za ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdobie, zvy\u010dajne je to za jeden mesiac. D\u00f4chodok pozost\u00e1va z miezd, z d\u00f4chodku z majetku ako s\u00fa renta, \u00faroky a dividendy. V\u0161etky v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 faktory maj\u00fa v trhovej ekonomike svojich majite\u013eov. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee za ich pou\u017eitie z\u00edskava vlastn\u00edk d\u00f4chodky. K z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm d\u00f4chodkom patr\u00ed mzda, renta a zisk. Mzda je cenou pr\u00e1ce \u010di\u017ee d\u00f4chodkom vlastn\u00edka \u013eudsk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu; renta je d\u00f4chodok vlastn\u00edka p\u00f4dy a zisk d\u00f4chodok vlastn\u00edka kapit\u00e1lu. Tieto d\u00f4chodky, ktor\u00e9 takto vznikaj\u00fa s\u00fa vlastne v\u00fdnosom z p\u00f4sobenia faktorov na trhoch v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov.<\/p>\n<h2>D\u00f4chodky plyn\u00face vlastn\u00edkom v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov<\/h2>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu v\u00fdrobn\u00e9mu faktoru v trhovej ekonomike, preto\u017ee poskytuje v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 slu\u017eby, prisl\u00facha ur\u010dit\u00fd d\u00f4chodok zodpovedaj\u00faci jeho pr\u00ednosu k tvorbe produktu a hovor\u00edme \u017ee sa tu uplat\u0148uje faktorov\u00e9 rozde\u013eovanie d\u00f4chodkov. Faktorov\u00e9 rozdelenie d\u00f4chodkov sa sp\u00e1ja predov\u0161etk\u00fdm s ekon\u00f3mami 17. a\u017e 19. storo\u010dia, t. j. s predstavite\u013emi klasickej a neoklasickej ekon\u00f3mie.<br \/>\nKlasick\u00fa te\u00f3riu rozde\u013eovania d\u00f4chodkov rozpracovali hlavne W. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, J. B. Say a J. S. Mill. D. Ricardo pova\u017eoval rozde\u013eovanie d\u00f4chodkov za najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161iu s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 ekonomickej te\u00f3rie. Prispel k rozpracovaniu z\u00e1konov rozde\u013eovania v\u00fdsledkov v\u00fdroby medzi tri triedy spolo\u010dnosti \u2013 medzi vlastn\u00edkov p\u00f4dy, vlastn\u00edkov kapit\u00e1lu a robotn\u00edkov. K z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm d\u00f4chodkom patr\u00ed renta, mzda a zisk.<br \/>\nNeoklasick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na te\u00f3rii hrani\u010dnej produktivity, ktor\u00e1 je vlastne aplik\u00e1ciou te\u00f3rie hrani\u010dnej u\u017eito\u010dnosti na v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 faktory. T\u00e1to te\u00f3ria sa sp\u00e1ja hlavne s menom americk\u00e9ho ekon\u00f3ma J. B. Clarka.<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>V\u00fdrobn\u00fd faktor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>D\u00f4chodok<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Defin\u00edcia d\u00f4chodku za pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00fd faktor<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00f4da<\/td>\n<td>renta<\/td>\n<td>d\u00f4chodok vlastn\u00edka p\u00f4dy za prenajatie p\u00f4dy n\u00e1jomcovi i za pren\u00e1jom in\u00fdch vo\u013en\u00fdch darov pr\u00edrody<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>pr\u00e1ca<\/td>\n<td>mzda<\/td>\n<td>cena pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00e1 je v\u00fdsledkom fungovania trhu a vz\u0165ahu medzi dopytom po pr\u00e1ci a ponukou pr\u00e1ce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>kapit\u00e1l<\/td>\n<td>zisk<\/td>\n<td>kvalitat\u00edvny a kvantitat\u00edvny (rozdiel medzi celkov\u00fdmi pr\u00edjmami (v\u00fdnosmi) a celkov\u00fdmi n\u00e1kladmi), ukazovate\u013e v\u00fdsledkov hospod\u00e1rskej \u010dinnosti podniku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Tabu\u013eka 1. : V\u00fdrobn\u00e9 faktory a ich d\u00f4chodky<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Trh p\u00f4dy a renta<\/h2>\n<p>P\u00f4da je prim\u00e1rny v\u00fdrobn\u00fd \u010dinite\u013e. Ako v\u00fdrobn\u00fd \u010dinite\u013e sa vyu\u017e\u00edva jednak v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve, kde je hlavn\u00fdm v\u00fdrobn\u00fdm \u010dinite\u013eom. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u00f4da je vz\u00e1cny v\u00fdrobn\u00fd faktor, preto\u017ee mno\u017estvo p\u00f4dy sa ned\u00e1 nahradi\u0165 in\u00fdm v\u00fdrobn\u00fdm faktorom.<br \/>\nVlastn\u00edk p\u00f4dy ju nemus\u00ed s\u00e1m pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, m\u00f4\u017ee ju niekomu prenaja\u0165. Za pren\u00e1jom sa plat\u00ed pozemkov\u00e1 renta, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje poplatok za pren\u00e1jom p\u00f4dy. N\u00e1jomn\u00e9 a renta predstavuj\u00fa tak\u00e9 poplatky, ktor\u00e9 sa vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa na statky vyroben\u00e9 \u013eudskou \u010dinnos\u0165 ako s\u00fa napr. obchodn\u00e9 priestory, byty, at\u010f.<br \/>\n\u201eRenta predstavuje d\u00f4chodok vlastn\u00edkov p\u00f4dy. S rastom bohatstva rastie aj po\u010det obyvate\u013estva, ale rozsah p\u00f4dy sa nemen\u00ed, a preto si vlastn\u00edci p\u00f4dy m\u00f4\u017eu privlast\u0148ova\u0165 st\u00e1le v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u010das\u0165 produktu.\u201c<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Trh pr\u00e1ce a mzda<\/h2>\n<p><a title=\"Trh pr\u00e1ce\" href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/makroekonomika\/trh-prace\/\">Trh pr\u00e1ce<\/a> m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u0161pecifik\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z toho, \u017ee pr\u00e1ca neexistuje sama o sebe. Nosite\u013emi pr\u00e1ce s\u00fa \u013eudia. Na to, aby mohol \u010dlovek pracova\u0165, potrebuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 a psychick\u00e9 predpoklady, ktor\u00fdch s\u00fahrn sa naz\u00fdva pracovn\u00e1 sila. Na trhu pr\u00e1ce vystupuj\u00fa dva subjekty a to: dom\u00e1cnosti ako vlastn\u00edci pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00ed predstavuj\u00fa ponuku pr\u00e1ce a tie\u017e firmy, ktor\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00fa dopyt po pr\u00e1ci. Pri\u010dom dom\u00e1cnosti ako spotrebitelia z\u00e1visia od d\u00f4chodku preto s\u00fa n\u00faten\u00e9 vstupova\u0165 na trh pr\u00e1ce a pon\u00faka\u0165 pr\u00e1cu. Pr\u00e1ca je cie\u013eavedom\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 vynakladan\u00e1 pri tvorbe statkov a slu\u017eieb. Pr\u00e1cu naz\u00fdvame aj \u013eudsk\u00fdm kapit\u00e1lom. D. Ricardo rozli\u0161uje prirodzen\u00fa cenu pr\u00e1ce na \u00farovni existen\u010dn\u00e9ho minima a trhov\u00fa cenu pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00e1 z\u00e1vis\u00ed od situ\u00e1cie na trhu pr\u00e1ce.<br \/>\nMzda je cena \u013eudskej pr\u00e1ce, \u010di\u017ee d\u00f4chodok vlastn\u00edka \u013eudskej pr\u00e1ce. Preto\u017ee mzda je vopred danou veli\u010dinou, zisk je odvoden\u00fd od mzdy. Rozli\u0161ujeme r\u00f4zne formy mzdy:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u010dasov\u00fa mzdu,<\/li>\n<li>\u00fakolov\u00fa mzdu,<\/li>\n<li>nomin\u00e1lnu mzdu,<\/li>\n<li>re\u00e1lnu mzdu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u010casov\u00e1 mzda<\/h3>\n<p>Je to forma mzdy, ktor\u00e1 vyjadruje odmenu za odpracovan\u00fd \u010das (za hodinu, de\u0148, t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, mesiac). A pod\u013ea tohto sa potom rozli\u0161uje: hodinov\u00e1 mzda, denn\u00e1 mzda, t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00e1 a mesa\u010dn\u00e1 mzda. Pri tejto \u010dasovej mzde vymedzujeme celkov\u00fa sumu mzdy a cenu pr\u00e1ce za jednu \u010dasov\u00fa jednotku (hodiny).<\/p>\n<h3>\u00dakolov\u00e1 mzda<\/h3>\n<p>\u00dakolov\u00e1 mzda je premennou formou \u010dasovej mzdy. Pri jej ur\u010den\u00ed sa vych\u00e1dza z priemern\u00e9ho po\u010dtu v\u00fdrobkov, ktor\u00e9 pracovn\u00edk vyrobil za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm faktorom zvy\u0161ovania intenzity pr\u00e1ce. Pracovn\u00edk sa usiluje pracova\u0165 \u010do najintenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie, aby si zv\u00fd\u0161il mzdu. Preto\u017ee mzdu dostane len za v\u00fdrobok ur\u010ditej kvality, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nadriaden\u00fd nemus\u00ed d\u00e1va\u0165 pozor na pracovn\u00edka. \u010ci\u017ee podnikate\u013eovi t\u00fdm nevznikaj\u00fa n\u00e1klady na dozor a na kontrolu nad pracovn\u00edkmi. Podnikate\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee pri tejto \u00fakolovej mzde meni\u0165 sadzbu za v\u00fdrobok, s\u00fa\u010diastku alebo pracovn\u00fa oper\u00e1ciu. \u00dakolov\u00e1 mzda sa dnes pou\u017e\u00edva pri menej kvalifikovan\u00fdch pr\u00e1cach.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> LIS\u00dd, J\u00e1n a kol. 2003. <em>Ekon\u00f3mia (v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria). <\/em>Bratislava : lura Edition, 2003. 495 s. ISBN 80-89047-75-0. s. 246.<\/p>\n<h3>Nomin\u00e1lna mzda<\/h3>\n<p>Vyjadruje sumu pe\u0148az\u00ed, ktor\u00fa pracovn\u00edk dost\u00e1va. Pritom nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na forme, preto m\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 aj o \u010dasov\u00fa mzdu alebo o \u00fakolov\u00fa mzdu.<\/p>\n<h3>Re\u00e1lna mzda<\/h3>\n<p>T\u00e1to predstavuje sumu tovarov a slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 si zamestnanec za svoju nomin\u00e1lnu mzdu m\u00f4\u017ee k\u00fapi\u0165. Re\u00e1lna mzda je rozhoduj\u00faca pre \u017eivotn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 pracovn\u00edka. \u010cinitele ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face v\u00fd\u0161ku re\u00e1lnej mzdy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v\u00fd\u0161ka nomin\u00e1lnej mzdy,<\/li>\n<li>ceny tovarov a slu\u017eieb,<\/li>\n<li>da\u0148ov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Trh kapit\u00e1lu a zisk<\/h2>\n<p>Kapit\u00e1l je druhotn\u00fdm v\u00fdrobn\u00fdm faktorom. Kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 statky sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na v\u00fdrobu \u010fal\u0161\u00edch statkov, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nevch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do spotreby. Po\u017ei\u010dan\u00edm kapit\u00e1lu vznikne \u00faverov\u00fd vz\u0165ah, to znamen\u00e1, ke\u010f vlastn\u00edk pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu poskytne svoje prostriedky niekomu in\u00e9mu. Za u\u017e\u00edvanie \u00faveru sa plat\u00ed \u00farok. V\u00fdnosom z kapit\u00e1lu je zisk. Kapit\u00e1l pozn\u00e1me potenci\u00e1lny a re\u00e1lny.<br \/>\nZisk je rezidu\u00e1lny d\u00f4chodok kapit\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 ako rozdiel medzi celkov\u00fdm pr\u00edjmami a celkov\u00fdmi n\u00e1kladmi firmy. Teda zah\u0155\u0148a aj implicitn\u00e9 v\u00fdnosy, ktor\u00e9 plyn\u00fa z titulu vlastn\u00edctva kapit\u00e1lu, vlastnej pr\u00e1ce podnikate\u013ea, pr\u00edp. vlastn\u00edka p\u00f4dy. Ak teda od v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edjmov odpo\u010d\u00edtame v\u00fddavky (platy, mzdy, spotrebn\u00e9 dane a pod.), dostaneme zisk. Pozn\u00e1me tieto druhy ziskov:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>podnikate\u013esk\u00fd zisk \u2013 je d\u00f4chodok, ktor\u00fd zost\u00e1va podnikate\u013eovi z tr\u017eieb<br \/>\npo odpo\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov. Jeho s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou je implicitn\u00fd v\u00fdnos z kapit\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd vlastn\u00ed podnik. Zisk sa potom jav\u00ed ako implicitn\u00fd v\u00fdnos,<\/li>\n<li>ekonomick\u00fd zisk \u2013 tvoria ho pr\u00edjmy, od ktor\u00fdch boli odpo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 v\u0161etky n\u00e1klady, nielen pe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 ale aj implicitn\u00e9,<\/li>\n<li>norm\u00e1lny zisk \u2013 v podmienkach dokonalej konkurencie ho firma dosahuje z ka\u017edej alternat\u00edvy vyu\u017eitia zdrojov,<\/li>\n<li>monopoln\u00fd zisk \u2013 resp. zisk ako monopoln\u00fd d\u00f4chodok. V podmienkach nedokonalej konkurencie m\u00f4\u017eu podniky dosahova\u0165 nadmern\u00e9 zisky pri vyu\u017eit\u00ed svojho monopoln\u00e9ho postavenia,<\/li>\n<li>mimoriadny zisk \u2013 tento nast\u00e1va napr. pri z\u00edskan\u00ed do\u010dasnej v\u00fdhody vo\u010di konkurentom. Mimoriadny zisk m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 jednor\u00e1zov\u00fd alebo kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Te\u00f3ria hrani\u010dnej produktivity<\/h2>\n<p>\u201e<a title=\"Neoklasick\u00e1 ekon\u00f3mia \u2013 rak\u00faska, angloamerick\u00e1 a lausansk\u00e1 \u0161kola\" href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomika\/ekonomicke-teorie\/neoklasicka-ekonomia-rakuska-skola-angloamericka-skola-lausanska-skola\/\">Te\u00f3ria hrani\u010dnej produktivity<\/a> vych\u00e1dza z toho, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00fd faktor m\u00e1 svoju \u0161pecifick\u00fa produktivitu, t. j. ka\u017ed\u00fd vytv\u00e1ra ur\u010dit\u00fa \u010das\u0165 produktu, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno mera\u0165. Jednotkou merania je hrani\u010dn\u00fd produkt ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich\u201c.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[2]<\/a><br \/>\nNa z\u00e1klade toho relat\u00edvny podiel pr\u00e1ce a kapit\u00e1lu na v\u00fdsledkoch v\u00fdroby mo\u017eno zisti\u0165 vtedy, ak hrani\u010dn\u00fd produkt vyn\u00e1sob\u00edme po\u010dtom jednotiek dan\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho faktora.<br \/>\nRozde\u013eovanie d\u00f4chodkov pod\u013ea klasickej i neoklasickej ekon\u00f3mie je \u0161pecifick\u00fdm pr\u00edpadom cenovej te\u00f3rie. D\u00f4chodok z\u00e1vis\u00ed od ceny, ktor\u00e1 sa plat\u00ed za v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 faktory na pr\u00edslu\u0161nom trhu. Teda ve\u013ekos\u0165 d\u00f4chodkov je podmienen\u00e1 situ\u00e1ciou na ur\u010ditom trhu v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho faktora, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je podmienen\u00e1 vz\u0165ahom medzi ponukou a dopytom<br \/>\npo danom v\u00fdrobnom faktore.<br \/>\nVlastn\u00edci v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov, ktor\u00ed sa sna\u017eia maximalizova\u0165 svoje d\u00f4chodky, menia sp\u00f4sob ich vyu\u017eitia, ak im zmena prinesie vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed efekt. Ak sa niektor\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00fd faktor stane vz\u00e1cnym, jeho cena sa zv\u00fd\u0161i. V d\u00f4sledku toho vznik\u00e1, resp. sa zv\u00fd\u0161i ekonomick\u00e1 renta v\u0161etk\u00fdch jednotiek pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho faktora v tomto vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Treba si uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 faktory bud\u00fa alokovan\u00e9 medzi r\u00f4zne vyu\u017eitia tak, aby sa v ka\u017edom vyu\u017eit\u00ed dosiahol rovnak\u00fd \u010dist\u00fd v\u00fdnos.<br \/>\nVo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov rozhoduj\u00facu \u00falohu ma dosiahnutie maxim\u00e1lnych pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fdch d\u00f4chodkov, neplat\u00ed to pre ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd pr\u00edpad. Rozhodovanie o vyu\u017eit\u00ed konkr\u00e9tneho v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho faktora sa m\u00f4\u017ee viaza\u0165 tie\u017e na nepe\u0148a\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdhody. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zisk v danom odbore pril\u00e1ka \u010fal\u0161\u00ed kapit\u00e1l, ale vy\u0161\u0161ia mzda nie je z\u00e1rukou pril\u00e1kania nov\u00fdch pracovn\u00edkov, \u010do m\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e zapr\u00ed\u010dini\u0165 tak\u00e9 skuto\u010dnosti ako s\u00fa nezauj\u00edmavos\u0165 pr\u00e1ce, neochota meni\u0165 pr\u00e1cu.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[2]<\/a> LIS\u00dd, J\u00e1n a kol. 2007. <em>Ekon\u00f3mia v novej ekonomike. <\/em>Bratislava : Iura Edition, 2007. 636 s. ISBN 978-80-8078-164-4. s. 303.<\/p>\n<h2>Trhov\u00e9 a netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face rozde\u013eovanie d\u00f4chodkov<\/h2>\n<p>Doteraj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj v jednotliv\u00fdch ekonomik\u00e1ch potvrdzuje, \u017ee d\u00f4chodky s\u00fa nerovnomerne rozde\u013eovan\u00e9 a medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi skupinami \u013eud\u00ed existuj\u00fa rozdiely nielen vo v\u00fd\u0161ke d\u00f4chodkov, ale aj v bohatstve a v \u017eivotnej \u00farovni. V tejto s\u00favislosti si mo\u017eno polo\u017ei\u0165 ot\u00e1zku, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje nerovnosti v d\u00f4chodkoch jednotlivcov? Ekonomick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria rozli\u0161uje dve skupiny \u010dinite\u013eov, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa nerovnosti v d\u00f4chodkoch a s\u00fa to: trhov\u00e9 a netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele.<\/p>\n<h3>Trhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele<\/h3>\n<p>Viacer\u00ed ekon\u00f3movia zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdznam trhov\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov. D\u00f4chodok m\u00e1 by\u0165 plne determinovan\u00fd trhov\u00fdm mechanizmom a v\u0161etk\u00fdmi n\u00e1hodnos\u0165ami trhov\u00e9ho mechanizmu. Ekon\u00f3movia to tie\u017e zd\u00f4vod\u0148uj\u00fa t\u00fdm, \u017ee len trhovou determin\u00e1ciou d\u00f4chodkov je ka\u017ed\u00fd veden\u00fd k tomu, aby robil to, \u010do je potrebn\u00e9. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak nevylu\u010duj\u00fa, aby bohat\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 nemohla poskytn\u00fa\u0165 mimo trhu minimum soci\u00e1lnej istoty v\u0161etk\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed sa v d\u00f4sledku p\u00f4sobenia trhu dostan\u00fa do situ\u00e1cie neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00facej im dosiahnu\u0165 ani minim\u00e1lny \u017eivotn\u00fd \u0161tandard. Ako kon\u0161tatuje F. A. von Hayek, \u00favahy o soci\u00e1lnej spravodlivosti neposkytuj\u00fa \u017eiadne od\u00f4vodnenie pre \u201eopravy\u201c v\u00fdsledkov trhu. Pod\u013ea jeho n\u00e1zoru existuje len spravodlivos\u0165 individu\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vania, zvl\u00e1\u0161tna \u201esoci\u00e1lna spravodlivos\u0165\u201c v\u0161ak neexistovala nikdy. D\u00f4chodok, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00edska\u0165 vlastn\u00edci v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov na z\u00e1klade ponuky ich slu\u017eieb, je obmedzen\u00fd dopytom po t\u00fdchto slu\u017eb\u00e1ch.<br \/>\nPod trhov\u00fdmi \u010dinite\u013emi ch\u00e1peme konkr\u00e9tny dopyt a ponuku v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov, mno\u017estvo a sp\u00f4soby pou\u017eitia v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov a cenu v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov. Ide o \u010dinitele, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4sobia priamo na trhu v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov.<\/p>\n<h3>Netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele<\/h3>\n<p>Medzi tieto netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele mo\u017eno zaradi\u0165 ve\u013emi r\u00f4znorod\u00fd s\u00fabor \u010dinite\u013eov, ako s\u00fa napr. vroden\u00e9 alebo z\u00edskan\u00e9 schopnosti, subjekt\u00edvna v\u00fdkonnos\u0165, vek, pohlavie, kvalifik\u00e1cia, \u0161\u0165astie, tvorivos\u0165 a mnoh\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie.<br \/>\n\u00dazky vz\u0165ah medzi d\u00f4chodkom a vekom, ako aj d\u00f4chodkom a spotrebou pod\u013ea veku, zachycuje te\u00f3ria \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu, ktor\u00fa sformuloval R. F. Harrod. Existuje \u00fazky vz\u0165ah aj medzi d\u00f4chodkom a vekom, ako aj kvalifik\u00e1ciou. \u013dudia sa pri v\u00fdbere svojho povolania vlastne rozhoduj\u00fa o celo\u017eivotnom profile svojich d\u00f4chodkov. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdber n\u00edzko kvalifikovanej profesie zna\u010d\u00ed z\u00edskanie d\u00f4chodku v relat\u00edvne kr\u00e1tkom \u010dase, ale v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie sa jeho v\u00fd\u0161ka v priebehu pracovn\u00e9ho zapojenia nemen\u00ed. Ale naopak, v\u00fdber vysoko kvalifikovanej profesie ods\u00fava pr\u00edjem d\u00f4chodku, ale vedie k podstatne vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm celo\u017eivotn\u00fdm d\u00f4chodkom.<br \/>\n\u201eJednotliv\u00e9 \u010dinitele ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 d\u00f4chodku v smere jeho zv\u00fd\u0161enia, resp. zn\u00ed\u017eenia. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 d\u00f4chodku podmie\u0148uje zasa \u017eivotn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148. Z h\u013eadiska ekonomick\u00e9ho ch\u00e1pania \u017eivotn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 predstavuje stupe\u0148 uspokojovania \u017eivotn\u00fdch potrieb, t.j. hmotn\u00fdch a duchovn\u00fdch potrieb ob\u010danov, ako aj podmienky, v ktor\u00fdch sa tieto potreby realizuj\u00fa\u201c.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n<p>Z uveden\u00fdch charakterist\u00edk n\u00e1m vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee jednotliv\u00fdm v\u00fdrobn\u00fdm vlastn\u00edkom v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch faktorov prin\u00e1le\u017eia d\u00f4chodky. Ale spravidla d\u00f4chodky v\u0161ak nesta\u010dia na uspokojovanie potrieb v\u0161etk\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov danej ekonomiky. Tie\u017e sme sa dozvedeli, \u017ee trh navy\u0161e rozde\u013euje d\u00f4chodky nerovnomerne, v d\u00f4sledku \u010doho vznik\u00e1 soci\u00e1lne nap\u00e4tie V neoklasickej te\u00f3rii te\u00f3ria hrani\u010dnej produktivity mala pre J. B. Clarka dvojak\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u2013 bola jeho v\u0161eobecnou te\u00f3riou rozde\u013eovania a bola jeho te\u00f3riou v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov. V praxi tie\u017e rozli\u0161ujeme trhov\u00e9 a netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele. Obidve skupiny \u010dinite\u013eov sa navz\u00e1jom prel\u00ednaj\u00fa a v konkr\u00e9tnych podmienkach m\u00f4\u017eu raz prevl\u00e1da\u0165 trhov\u00e9 a raz netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele. Av\u0161ak vo funguj\u00facich ekonomik\u00e1ch maj\u00fa rozhoduj\u00face miesto trhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele..<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[3]<\/a> LIS\u00dd, J\u00e1n a kol. 2003. <em>Ekon\u00f3mia (v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria). <\/em>Bratislava : lura Edition, 2003. 495 s. ISBN 80-89047-75-0. s. 245, 246.<\/p>\n<h2>Zoznam bibliografick\u00fdch odkazov<\/h2>\n<p>LIS\u00dd, J. a kol. 2007. <em>Ekon\u00f3mia v novej ekonomike. <\/em>Bratislava : Iura Edition, 2007. 636 s. ISBN 978-80-8078-164-4<br \/>\nLIS\u00dd, J\u00e1n a kol. 2003. <em>Ekon\u00f3mia (v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria). <\/em>Bratislava : lura Edition, 2003. 495 s. ISBN 80-89047-75-0<br \/>\nSAMUELSON, Paul. A. &#8211; NORDHAUS, William. D. 1992. <em> Ekon\u00f3mia 2. <\/em>Bratislava : BRADLO, 1992. 551 s. ISBN 80-7127-030-X.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00davod Pojem d\u00f4chodok je ve\u013emi pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm slovn\u00fdm spojen\u00edm v ekonomickom \u017eivote. D\u00f4chodok vlastne vyjadruje celkov\u00fd objem pe\u0148az\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 z\u00edska jednotlivec alebo dom\u00e1cnos\u0165 za ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":25295,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,553],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomia","category-vzdelavam-sa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>D\u00f4chodky plyn\u00face vlastn\u00edkom v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00f4chodky. Trhov\u00e9 a netrhov\u00e9 \u010dinitele ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face rozde\u013eovanie d\u00f4chodkov. Te\u00f3ria hrani\u010dnej produktivity. 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