{"id":9556,"date":"2023-01-26T23:04:41","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T22:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=9556"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:49","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:49","slug":"racionalne-a-neracionalne-rozhodovanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/racionalne-a-neracionalne-rozhodovanie\/","title":{"rendered":"Racion\u00e1lne a neracion\u00e1lne rozhodovanie"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eRozhodnutie je iba za\u010diatok nie\u010doho. Ako n\u00e1hle sa \u010dlovek rozhodne, ponor\u00ed sa v skuto\u010dnosti do mocn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu a ten ho un\u00e1\u0161a na miesto, na ktor\u00e9 v okamihu rozhodovania v\u00f4bec nepomyslel.\u201c <\/em>Paulo Coelho, Alchymista<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sledky na\u0161ich rozhodnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n

T\u00fdmto cit\u00e1tom za\u010d\u00ednam, lebo som si na neho spomenula pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku. Vyjadruje situ\u00e1ciu ktor\u00e1 sa stala aj v kmeni Moro, v dobrej v\u00f4li zmenili svoju zl\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, to viedlo k zlep\u0161eniu, no z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska v\u0161ak toto rozhodnutie viedlo k e\u0161te hor\u0161ej situ\u00e1ci\u00ed ako mali predt\u00fdm. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti m\u00e1me \u010doraz viac mo\u017enost\u00ed sa rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 ale rozhodnutia maj\u00fa \u010doraz rozsiahlej\u0161ie d\u00f4sledky. Mus\u00edme by\u0165 vedom\u00ed toho, \u017ee za svoje rozhodnutia nesieme zodpovednos\u0165 sami, alebo prija\u0165 rozhodnutie \u017ee budeme bra\u0165 to, \u010do n\u00e1m prinesie \u017eivot, tak\u00e9 ak\u00e9 to bude. Jedno je v\u0161ak ist\u00e9, v\u017edy sa mus\u00edme rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 a jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a ponesieme n\u00e1sledky.
\nZauj\u00edmav\u00fd je pr\u00edklad po\u017eiarnika, ktor\u00fd sa v zlomku sekundy rozhodol, zachr\u00e1nil \u017eivoty kolegov ale doteraz nevie pre\u010do sa tak vlastne rozhodol. Bol to \u0161iesty zmysel, vn\u00fatorn\u00fd hlas alebo len jeho podvedomie, ktor\u00e9 vyvodilo spr\u00e1vne rie\u0161enie? Pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru, je to jedno a to ist\u00e9, v d\u00f4sledku rutiny sa pravidelne opakuj\u00face aktivity premenia na rutinn\u00e9. Preto podvedome vyhodnotil situ\u00e1ciu a konal. Pod\u013ea holandsk\u00e9ho psychol\u00f3ga Apa Dijksternuisa je intu\u00edcia aj bez n\u00e1cviku lep\u0161\u00edm radcom, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vtedy ke\u010f treba bra\u0165 do \u00favahy mimoriadne ve\u013ea krit\u00e9ri\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasne.<\/p>\n

\u017di\u0165 v pr\u00edtomnosti<\/h2>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z n\u00e1s sa st\u00e1va, \u017ee ke\u010f odch\u00e1dza z domu \u010di bytu, si po p\u00e1r min\u00fatach nevie spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u010di zamkol alebo nie. T\u00e1to aktivita je jedna z mnoh\u00fdch ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa u\u017e tak rutinn\u00e9, \u017ee vlastne ani nepostrehneme, \u010di sme ich vykonali alebo nie.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam farieb<\/h2>\n

N\u00e1\u0161 mozog, \u010dasto ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa pocity, ktor\u00e9 v n\u00e1s vyvol\u00e1va okolit\u00fd svet. Hoci aj tak\u00e9 zatr\u00fabenie auta, n\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017ee pripomen\u00fa\u0165 ako sme predned\u00e1vnom zamyslen\u00fd skoro vrhli autu pod koles\u00e1. Alebo si v\u017edy pri v\u00f4ni sena spomenieme na bezstarostn\u00e9 letn\u00e9 pr\u00e1zdniny u starej mamy. Na\u0161e podvedomie men\u00ed inform\u00e1cie na em\u00f3cie, teda z poznatkov s\u00fa r\u00fdchlo jednoduch\u00e9, r\u00fdchle a intuit\u00edvne odpor\u00fa\u010dania. \u013dudia prikladaj\u00fa v\u00fdznam farb\u00e1m na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fasenost\u00ed alebo na z\u00e1klade podobnosti s predmetmi s ktor\u00fdmi sa \u010dasto stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa. \u013dudia prikladaj\u00fa farb\u00e1m v\u00fdznam subjekt\u00edvne, preto napr\u00edklad v Eur\u00f3pe a Amerike za farbu sm\u00fatk pova\u017euj\u00fa \u010diernu, v Japonsku naopak bielu.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Framingov efekt<\/h2>\n

Ke\u010f n\u00e1m niekto pon\u00fakne polopln\u00fd a polopr\u00e1zdny poh\u00e1r n\u00e1\u0161ho ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9ho n\u00e1poja, ktor\u00fd si vyberieme? Pravdepodobne polopln\u00fd, hoci s\u00fa oba rovnako naplnen\u00e9 a rozdiel je len vo formul\u00e1ci\u00ed. \u013dudia maj\u00fa tendenciu sa rozhodova\u0165 na z\u00e1klade toho \u010di je nie\u010do vyjadren\u00e9 pozit\u00edvne alebo negat\u00edvne. Psychol\u00f3govia to naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa Framingov efekt. Pod\u013ea anglick\u00fdch vedcov, ktor\u00fd tento efekt testovali na 20 \u0161tudentoch. V\u0161etci za\u010d\u00ednali s 50 librami a potom im uk\u00e1zali dve alternat\u00edvy A a B. Alternat\u00edva A spo\u010d\u00edvala v tom, \u017ee s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eiaci m\u00e1 garantovan\u00fa v\u00fdhru 20 libier alebo bude hra\u0165 hazardn\u00fa hru. Pri alternat\u00edve B hr\u00e1\u010di mali garantovan\u00fa prehru 30 libier alebo bud\u00fa hra\u0165 hazardn\u00fa hru. Emocion\u00e1lna reakcia podnietila hr\u00e1\u010dov, aby si nechali garantovan\u00fd zisk, alebo v pr\u00edpade garantovanej prehry hrali hazardn\u00fa hru. Prejavil sa u nich Framingov efekt. S\u00fahlas\u00edm s n\u00e1zorom, \u017ee \u013eudia ktor\u00fd sa rozhoduj\u00fa racion\u00e1lne maj\u00fa tak\u00e9 siln\u00e9 em\u00f3cie ako \u013eudia, ktor\u00fd sa rozhodn\u00fa nar\u00fdchlo, len svoje em\u00f3cie vedia lep\u0161ie kontrolova\u0165.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1kupn\u00e1 dilema<\/h2>\n

Aj v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee sme sa rozhodli dobre, n\u00e1s tr\u00e1pia pochybnosti, \u010di neexistuje aj nejak\u00e1 lep\u0161ia mo\u017enos\u0165. S dilemou vo\u013eby sa stret\u00e1vame napr\u00edklad pri n\u00e1kupoch v obchode, hoci na uspokojenie na\u0161ich potrieb by n\u00e1m sta\u010dilo 150 produktov, v obchodoch ich je nieko\u013eko tis\u00edc. \u010c\u00edm z viac produktov si vyber\u00e1me, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie je aj riziko, \u017ee pod\u013eahneme pochybnostiam. A\u017e 39% \u013eud\u00ed si \u010d\u00edta a nakupuje pod\u013ea let\u00e1kov, ktor\u00e9 dostan\u00fa do svojich schr\u00e1nok.[2]<\/a> Tak\u00edto \u013eudia sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa maximalisti, v\u00fdrobky ktor\u00e9 nakupuj\u00fa si poriadne overia, porovnaj\u00fa s ostatn\u00fdmi. Na z\u00e1klade pomeru ceny a kvality, urobili lep\u0161ie rozhodnutia ako nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edci ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 im to prinieslo aj menej spokojnosti.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n

Najlep\u0161ie sa \u010dlovek rozhodne vtedy, ke\u010f mysl\u00ed na nie\u010do \u00faplne in\u00e9. Pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru je to ako ke\u010f nie\u010do h\u013ead\u00e1me a n\u00e1jdeme to, ke\u010f to najmenej o\u010dak\u00e1vame, len v tomto pr\u00edpade to nie je vec ale my\u0161lienka. Preto si na d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 rozhodnutia treba necha\u0165 dostatok \u010dasu, necha\u0165 si to prejs\u0165 hlavou, poprem\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o tom a mo\u017eno najlep\u0161ia my\u0161lienka pr\u00edde zrovna vtedy, ke\u010f to bu\u010fme najmenej o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, napr\u00edklad v sprche.
\nJa si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee \u013eudsk\u00e9 rozhodovanie sa d\u00e1 \u013eahko ovplyvni\u0165 mno\u017estvom faktorov. Napr\u00edklad hudba. Hudba m\u00e1 moc, niektor\u00fdch upokojuje, in\u00fdch nab\u00e1da k aktivite.[3]<\/a> Preto sa vedci rozhodli v istom n\u00e1kupnom centre, v \u010dasti s v\u00ednami, potvrdi\u0165 t\u00fato te\u00f3riu, \u017ee hudba ovplyv\u0148uje n\u00e1ladu z\u00e1kazn\u00edka a ten sa vedome, ale aj podvedome spr\u00e1va pod\u013ea jej \u00fa\u010dinkov. Te\u00f3ria sa potvrdila, z\u00e1kazn\u00edci si pri dychovke kupovali viac nemeck\u00e9 v\u00edna a pri akorde\u00f3ne siahli rad\u0161ej po franc\u00fazskom v\u00edne. Ani jeden z\u00e1kazn\u00edk si nebol vedom\u00ed toho ako ho hudba ovplyvnila, dokonca v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina si ani neuvedomila, \u017ee tam nejak\u00e1 hudba hr\u00e1. Pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru obchodn\u00edci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne triky, ako ovplyvni\u0165 podvedome z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov, aby k\u00fapili viac ako p\u00f4vodne chceli. Napr\u00edklad neust\u00e1le prekladaj\u00fa tovar aby ho z\u00e1kazn\u00edci museli h\u013eada\u0165, alebo tovar ktor\u00fd chc\u00fa preda\u0165 daj\u00fa \u013eudom priamo do cesty.
\nAk \u010dlovek neust\u00e1le prij\u00edma racion\u00e1lne rozhodnutia, hoci s\u00fa v rozpore s jeho podvedom\u00edm, nahromaden\u00fd stres sa prejav\u00ed a \u010dlovek psychicky ochorie. Aj pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru \u010dlovek nem\u00f4\u017ee \u017ei\u0165 cel\u00fd \u017eivot v klame, lebo t\u00fdm vedie vojnu so sebou sam\u00fdm.
\nPri d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00fdch krokoch by mal \u010dlovek zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 v\u0161etky za a proti a prija\u0165 \u010do najlep\u0161ie rozhodnutie. Jedn\u00fdm z tak\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed je aj uzavretie man\u017eelstva. \u010ci sa pre man\u017eelstvo rozhodneme sk\u00f4r alebo nesk\u00f4r, na\u0161e rozhodnutia sa \u010dasto menia. Preto v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pripad\u00e1 na 100 svadieb pribli\u017ene 46 rozvodov.[4]<\/a> A priemern\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka rozveden\u00e9ho man\u017eelstva je 14,6 roka. Ale Slov\u00e1ci rozvod odkladaj\u00fa do \u010doraz vy\u0161\u0161ieho veku, no v\u0161etko z\u00e1vis\u00ed hlavne od v\u00fdchovy a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho vplyvu na \u010dloveka.
\nHoci sa n\u00e1\u0161 mozog dok\u00e1\u017ee bez probl\u00e9mov odvr\u00e1ti\u0165 bl\u00ed\u017eiace sa nebezpe\u010denstvo, \u00faplne zlyh\u00e1va pri hodnoten\u00ed vzdialen\u00e9ho rizika. V tomto bode a autorom celkom nes\u00fahlas\u00edm, vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee ke\u010f sa \u010dlovek rozhodne, mal by uva\u017eova\u0165 ak\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 jeho rozhodnutie a pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru rozhodnutia nie s\u00fa nemenn\u00e9 a daj\u00fa sa zmeni\u0165, len treba zakro\u010di\u0165 dostato\u010dne skoro, aby neboli n\u00e1sledky n\u00e1\u0161ho rozhodnutia katastrof\u00e1lne.
\n[1]<\/a> http:\/\/grafika.sk\/clanok\/symbolika-a-vyznam-farieb\/
\n[2]<\/a> http:\/\/www.sme.sk\/cdata\/1961033\/01.jpg
\n[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.instore.sk\/news\/vyznam-hudby-v-predajni
\n[4]<\/a> http:\/\/aktualne.atlas.sk\/rozvody-na-slovensku-po-rokoch-opat-klesli\/slovensko\/spolocnost\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eRozhodnutie je iba za\u010diatok nie\u010doho. Ako n\u00e1hle sa \u010dlovek rozhodne, ponor\u00ed sa v skuto\u010dnosti do mocn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu a ten ho un\u00e1\u0161a na miesto, na ktor\u00e9 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":25292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,549],"tags":[158],"class_list":["post-9556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obchod","category-pracujem","tag-rozhodovanie"],"yoast_head":"\nRacion\u00e1lne a neracion\u00e1lne rozhodovanie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Racion\u00e1lne a neracion\u00e1lne rozhodovanie. N\u00e1kupn\u00e1 dilema. Framingov efekt. N\u00e1sledky na\u0161ich rozhodnut\u00ed a \u017eivot v pr\u00edtomnosti.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/racionalne-a-neracionalne-rozhodovanie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Racion\u00e1lne a neracion\u00e1lne rozhodovanie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Racion\u00e1lne a neracion\u00e1lne rozhodovanie. N\u00e1kupn\u00e1 dilema. Framingov efekt. 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