{"id":9827,"date":"2023-02-18T13:11:19","date_gmt":"2023-02-18T12:11:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=9827"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:44","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:44","slug":"teoria-obmedzeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/teoria-obmedzeni\/","title":{"rendered":"Te\u00f3ria obmedzen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vznik te\u00f3rie obmedzenia (anglicky theory of constraints \u2013 TOC) sa datuje k roku 1984, ke\u010f ju vo svojom mana\u017e\u00e9rskom rom\u00e1ne The Goal (Cie\u013e) pop\u00edsal izraelsk\u00fd fyzik Eliyahu Moshe Goldratt. Te\u00f3ria obmedzenia vych\u00e1dza zo zistenia, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd podnik nez\u00e1visle na tom v akej oblasti podnik\u00e1, m\u00e1 nejak\u00e9 \u00fazke miesto.<\/p>\n

\u00dazke miesto<\/h2>\n

Te\u00f3ria obmedzen\u00ed vysvet\u013euje, \u017ee toto \u010dasto jedin\u00e9 \u00fazke miesto obmedzuje cel\u00fd podnik. \u00dazke miesto m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 ve\u013ea pod\u00f4b, napr\u00edklad jeden konkr\u00e9tny v\u00fdrobn\u00fd stroj, nespr\u00e1vna organiz\u00e1cia podniku, nevhodn\u00fd dod\u00e1vate\u013esk\u00fd re\u0165azec a podobn\u00e9. Ak by \u00fazke miesto neexistovalo, podnik by mal neobmedzen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti a mohol by produkova\u0165 nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo v\u00fdrobkov alebo slu\u017eieb.<\/p>\n

Riadenie podniku pod\u013ea prietoku<\/h2>\n

Oproti do tej doby uzn\u00e1vanom pr\u00edstupe riadenia podniku pod\u013ea n\u00e1kladov prich\u00e1dza TOC s my\u0161lienkou riadenia podniku pod\u013ea prietoku. N\u00e1kladov\u00fd svet sa d\u00e1 predstavi\u0165 ako v\u00e1ha re\u0165aze, prietokov\u00fd svet ako najslab\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok re\u0165aze, ktor\u00fd predstavuje \u00fazke miesto. \u010cl\u00e1nky tejto re\u0165aze predstavuj\u00fa procesy alebo podprocesy podniku, ako aj jeho samotn\u00e9 okolie.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00fd cie\u013e podniku s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 a bud\u00face tr\u017eby<\/h3>\n

Pod\u013ea Te\u00f3rie obmedzen\u00ed je hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom podniku<\/a> zar\u00e1ba\u0165 peniaze teraz a v bud\u00facnosti \u2013 \u201eMake money now and in the future\u201c. Z toho vypl\u00fdva aj to, \u017ee sa nemaj\u00fa zni\u017eova\u0165 n\u00e1klady v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti, ak to m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska nepriazniv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. Na zistenie plnenia tohto cie\u013ea sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne n\u00e1stroje merania a vyhodnocovania. Medzi tie klasick\u00e9 patria \u010dist\u00fd zisk, n\u00e1vratnos\u0165 invest\u00edci\u00ed (ROI \u2013 Return On Investment) a cashflow. Tieto tri n\u00e1stroje \u010dasto nevedia zisti\u0165, \u010di podnik pln\u00ed svoj cie\u013e. Preto k nim te\u00f3ria obmedzenia prid\u00e1va e\u0161te tri \u010fal\u0161ie: prietok, z\u00e1soby a prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Prietok<\/h3>\n

Prietok (throughput) ozna\u010duje peniaze, ktor\u00e9 podnik z\u00edska z predaja svojich v\u00fdrobkov a slu\u017eieb, zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 o cenu variabiln\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov. Z\u00e1soby<\/a> (inventory) zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa v\u0161etky peniaze, za ktor\u00e9 podnik nak\u00fapil materi\u00e1ly spotrebovan\u00e9 vo v\u00fdrobe. Prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady<\/a> (operating expanse) s\u00fa peniaze potrebn\u00e9 k premene z\u00e1sob na prietok. Z poh\u013eadu te\u00f3rie obmedzenia sa po\u017eaduje, aby sa z\u00e1soby a prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady minimalizovali a prietok maximalizoval, pri\u010dom d\u00f4raz je kladen\u00fd na maximaliz\u00e1ciu prietoku. Pr\u00e1ve ve\u013ekos\u0165 prietoku je obmedzen\u00e1 \u00fazkym miestom.<\/p>\n

Strata \u010dasu<\/h3>\n

Z toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee \u010das z\u00edskan\u00fd pred \u00fazkym miestom m\u00e1 pre podnik nulov\u00fa hodnotu a \u010das straten\u00fd na \u00fazkom mieste je stratou cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Taktie\u017e plat\u00ed, \u017ee vylep\u0161enie in\u00e9ho ne\u017e \u00fazkeho miesta neprinesie podniku \u017eiadne zlep\u0161enie. Iba elimin\u00e1ciou \u00fazkeho miesta \u010di jeho roz\u0161\u00edren\u00edm d\u00f4jde k rastu prietoku, a\u017e k\u00fdm nenaraz\u00ed na \u010fal\u0161ie obmedzenie.<\/p>\n

P\u00e4\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch krokov postupu<\/h2>\n

Goldratt stanovil p\u00e4\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch krokov postupu [2]<\/a>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. krok \u2013 identifik\u00e1cia obmedzenia;<\/li>\n
  2. krok \u2013 maxim\u00e1lne vyu\u017eitie tohto obmedzenia;<\/li>\n
  3. krok \u2013 podriadenie ostatn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed tomuto obmedzeniu;<\/li>\n
  4. krok \u2013 odstr\u00e1nenie obmedzenia;<\/li>\n
  5. krok \u2013 ak sa \u00fazke miesto \u00faspe\u0161ne odstr\u00e1nilo, n\u00e1vrat k 1. kroku a cyklus zopakova\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ak sa tieto kroky dodr\u017eia a bud\u00fa opakova\u0165, d\u00f4jde k trval\u00e9mu zlep\u0161ovaniu.<\/p>\n

    Sokratovsk\u00e1 met\u00f3da<\/h2>\n

    Ako pom\u00f4cka pri uskuto\u010dnen\u00ed prv\u00e9ho kroku sl\u00fa\u017ei Sokratovsk\u00e1 met\u00f3da. Je to sp\u00f4sob h\u013eadania probl\u00e9mu a jeho rie\u0161enia. Zaklad\u00e1 sa na kladen\u00ed spr\u00e1vnych ot\u00e1zok a t\u00fdm m\u00e1 navies\u0165 posluch\u00e1\u010dov, aby sami na\u0161li rie\u0161enie z vlastn\u00fdch odpoved\u00ed.
    \n    [1]<\/a> BASL J., MAJER P., \u0160M\u00cdRA M., Teorie omezen\u00ed v podnikov\u00e9 praxi : zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonnosti podniku n\u00e1stroji TOC, s. 35
    \n    [2]<\/a> GOLDRATT E., C\u00edl, s.289<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Vznik te\u00f3rie obmedzenia (anglicky theory of constraints \u2013 TOC) sa datuje k roku 1984, ke\u010f ju vo svojom mana\u017e\u00e9rskom rom\u00e1ne The Goal (Cie\u013e) pop\u00edsal izraelsk\u00fd … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":25239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[549,560],"tags":[53],"class_list":["post-9827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pracujem","category-vyroba","tag-peniaze"],"yoast_head":"\nTe\u00f3ria obmedzen\u00ed<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Te\u00f3ria obmedzen\u00ed a \u00fazke miesto. Riadenie podniku pod\u013ea prietoku. P\u00e4\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch krokov postupu. 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