{"id":9866,"date":"2023-01-30T23:48:35","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T22:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/?p=9866"},"modified":"2024-05-13T14:57:48","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T12:57:48","slug":"vyrobny-manazment-vodstvo-a-ochrana-pred-znecistenim-vod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vrtulniky.sk\/news\/vyrobny-manazment-vodstvo-a-ochrana-pred-znecistenim-vod\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdrobn\u00fd mana\u017ement, vodstvo a ochrana pred zne\u010disten\u00edm v\u00f4d"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Vodstvo Zeme zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etku vodu s\u00fastreden\u00fa v oce\u00e1noch, moriach, riekach, jazer\u00e1ch, \u013eadovcoch, v st\u00e1lej snehovej pokr\u00fdvke, v hornin\u00e1ch, v atmosf\u00e9re, ale aj v \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmoch. V\u0161etci vodu pou\u017e\u00edvame, v\u0161etci sme zodpovedn\u00ed za to, aby sme ju chr\u00e1nili pred zne\u010disten\u00edm a aby sme \u0148ou \u0161etrili. Voda v pr\u00edrode neprestajne cirkuluje a prech\u00e1dza z jednej formy na in\u00fa. \u010clen\u00ed sa na povrchov\u00e9 vody, ktor\u00e9 sa prirodzene nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na zemskom povrchu a tie\u017e podzemn\u00e9 vody nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa pod zemsk\u00fdm povrchom v priamom kontakte s p\u00f4dou. Jej najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom a z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm zne\u010dis\u0165ovate\u013eom je pr\u00e1ve \u010dlovek.<br \/>\nMedzi hlavn\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010dis\u0165ovania vodstva patria najm\u00e4 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska v\u00fdroba, priemysel, dom\u00e1cnosti, doprava a turizmus. Odpadov\u00e9 zlo\u017eky, ktor\u00e9 zo sebou tieto odvetvia prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa s\u00fa negat\u00edvnym n\u00e1sledkom modern\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu \u017eivota. Hoci zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie nepredstavuje ni\u010d nov\u00e9, v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa z\u00e1vody aj ich zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00face l\u00e1tky ve\u013emi roz\u0161\u00edrili. Tak\u00fdto stav zne\u010distenia so sebou prin\u00e1\u0161a aj zv\u00fd\u0161enie n\u00e1kladov na odstra\u0148ovanie sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch ne\u010dist\u00f4t a prejavuje sa po\u0161kodzovan\u00edm \u013eudsk\u00e9ho zdravia. Vedci e\u0161te nezistili v\u0161etko o zne\u010dis\u0165ovan\u00ed, no predsa u\u017e vieme dos\u0165 o tom, ako ho mo\u017eno regulova\u0165.<br \/>\nHlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom semin\u00e1rnej pr\u00e1ce je pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 si t\u00fato problematiku a obozn\u00e1mi\u0165 sa s mo\u017en\u00fdmi opatreniami na jej vyrie\u0161enie.<\/p>\n<h2>Vodstvo<\/h2>\n<p>Vodstvo m\u00e1 ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 a v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 postavenie na Zemi. My\u0161lienka: \u201eBez vody niet \u017eivota\u201c, vyjadruje v\u00fdznam vody nielen pre na\u0161u plan\u00e9tu, ale aj pre jej obyvate\u013estvo. Voda je vz\u00e1cnym darom, nach\u00e1dza sa v\u0161ade okolo n\u00e1s a je nevyhnutn\u00e1 pre v\u0161etky rastliny a \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy. U\u017e tis\u00edcky rokov modeluje a formuje krajiny na celom svete. \u013dudia ju potrebuj\u00fa a vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v dom\u00e1cnostiach, tov\u00e1r\u0148ach, \u010di pri po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych pr\u00e1cach.<br \/>\nVoda je v nekone\u010dnom kolobehu, ktor\u00fd prebieha v nasledovnej podobe: da\u017e\u010fov\u00e1 voda stek\u00e1 z pevniny do mor\u00ed, men\u00ed sa na vodn\u00fa paru, vytv\u00e1ra oblaky a napokon op\u00e4\u0165 pad\u00e1 v podobe da\u017e\u010fa na pevninu. <em>\u201eVodn\u00fd \u00fatvar je trval\u00e9 alebo do\u010dasn\u00e9 s\u00fastredenie vody na zemskom povrchu alebo pod jeho povrchom, ktor\u00e9 je charakterizovan\u00e9 typick\u00fdmi formami v\u00fdskytu a znakmi hydrologick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu.\u201c<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Hydrosf\u00e9ra<\/h3>\n<p>Vodstvo tvor\u00ed samostatn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 biosf\u00e9ry &#8211; <a title=\"EKOSYST\u00c9M\" href=\"https:\/\/www.euroekonom.sk\/ekonomia\/ekonomika-zivotneho-prostredia\/ekosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrosf\u00e9ru<\/a>, hoci sa vyskytuje aj v jej \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zlo\u017ek\u00e1ch. Hydrosf\u00e9ra zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etky podzemn\u00e9 a povrchov\u00e9 vodn\u00e9 zdroje, ktor\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa viac ako 70% povrchu plan\u00e9ty Zem. Oce\u00e1ny a moria tvoria 97,2% na\u0161ej plan\u00e9ty v slanom zoskupen\u00ed. Pre \u010dloveka a ostatn\u00e9 suchozemsk\u00e9 rastliny a \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy je potrebn\u00e1 najm\u00e4 sladk\u00e1 voda, ktor\u00e1 je zast\u00fapen\u00e1 vo forme \u013eadovcov, a to v mno\u017estve 2,15%. Ostatn\u00e9 vody s\u00fa zast\u00fapen\u00e9 vo forme sladkovodn\u00fdch jazier, vodn\u00fdch tokov, podzemn\u00fdch v\u00f4d, kapil\u00e1rnych v\u00f4d v p\u00f4de a tie\u017e v atmosf\u00e9re.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\"><strong>Miesto v\u00fdskytu vody<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\"><strong>percentu\u00e1lne zast\u00fapenie %<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">oce\u00e1ny a moria<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">97,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">\u013eadovce<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">2,15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">jazer\u00e1, rybn\u00edky, n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">0,009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">vodn\u00e9 toky<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">podzemn\u00e9 vody<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">0,62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">kapil\u00e1rna voda v p\u00f4de<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">0,005<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"469\">atmosf\u00e9ra<\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">0,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Tabu\u013eka 1. : Rozdelenie v\u00f4d a jej zast\u00fapenie v percent\u00e1ch, zdroj: vlastn\u00e9 spracovanie<\/em><br \/>\nNa z\u00e1klade uveden\u00fdch \u00fadajov je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee sladkovodn\u00e9 zdroje na Zemi, ktor\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa vyu\u017ei\u0165 ako pitn\u00e1 voda, predstavuj\u00fa menej ako 3%. Voda v pr\u00edrode neprestajne cirkuluje a prech\u00e1dza z jednej formy na in\u00fa. Tento uzavret\u00fd a nepretr\u017eit\u00fd proces cirkul\u00e1cie a vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9ho kvalitat\u00edvneho ovplyv\u0148ovania v\u00f4d v biosf\u00e9re sa naz\u00fdva hydrologick\u00fd cyklus.<\/p>\n<h3>Rozdelenie v\u00f4d<\/h3>\n<p>Vody \u010dlen\u00edme na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Povrchov\u00e9 &#8211; prirodzene nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa na zemskom povrchu:\n<ul>\n<li>te\u010d\u00face: pramene, studni\u010dky, rieky, potoky,<\/li>\n<li>stojat\u00e9: jazer\u00e1, rybn\u00edky, t\u00f4\u0148ky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Podzemn\u00e9 &#8211; vody nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa pod zemsk\u00fdm povrchom a v bezprostrednom kontakte s p\u00f4dou:\n<ul>\n<li>podzemn\u00e9 a jasky\u0148ov\u00e9 jazierka,<\/li>\n<li>podzemn\u00e9 toky,<\/li>\n<li>vody p\u00f4dne a horninov\u00e9 (skaln\u00e9).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Podzemn\u00e9 vody s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 na z\u00e1sobovanie obyvate\u013estva pitnou vodou, \u010do predstavuje jedno z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch opatren\u00ed na ochranu zdravia \u013eud\u00ed a charakterizuje \u017eivotn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 krajiny. V Slovenskej republike s\u00fa na \u010derpanie pitnej vody vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 podzemn\u00e9 vody (82,2%), ale aj povrchov\u00e9 vody (17,8%). Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou prirodzenou z\u00e1sob\u00e1r\u0148ou podzemnej vody v strednej Eur\u00f3pe je \u017ditn\u00fd ostrov. Kontrola kvality pitnej vody sa vykon\u00e1va prostredn\u00edctvom s\u00faboru ukazovate\u013eov kvality vody definovan\u00fdch nariaden\u00edm vl\u00e1dy, ktor\u00fdm sa ustanovuj\u00fa po\u017eiadavky na vodu ur\u010den\u00fa na \u013eudsk\u00fa spotrebu a jej kvalitu.<\/p>\n<h2>Zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie vody<\/h2>\n<p>Zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie vody na Zemi je d\u00f4sledkom antropog\u00e9nneho tlaku na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie. \u010clovek je jej najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom a z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm zne\u010dis\u0165ovate\u013eom. Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia Slovenskej republiky uv\u00e1dza: <em>\u201eNaj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou mimoriadneho zhor\u0161enia v\u00f4d b\u00fdva \u013eudsk\u00e9 konanie a nevyhovuj\u00faci technick\u00fd stav zariadenia a objektov, v ktor\u00fdch sa zaobch\u00e1dza so \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami.\u201c<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/em><br \/>\nPod\u013ea Drdo\u0161a a Michaeliovej zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie je: <em>\u201eje priame alebo nepriame vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie alebo \u00fanik l\u00e1tok alebo tepla do vody, ovzdu\u0161ia alebo p\u00f4dy sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u013eudskou \u010dinnos\u0165ou pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi vplyvmi, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee po\u0161kodi\u0165 zdravie \u013eud\u00ed, kvalitu vodn\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov a od v\u00f4d priamo z\u00e1visl\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov v krajine, sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 po\u0161kodenie materi\u00e1lnych hodn\u00f4t a obmedzenie alebo zhor\u0161enie rekrea\u010dn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed alebo in\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edvania \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.\u201c<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/em><br \/>\nPo\u0161kodzovanie a zhor\u0161ovanie stavu v\u00f4d zapr\u00ed\u010dinen\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvom krajiny je podlo\u017een\u00e9 aj nasleduj\u00facimi \u00fadajmi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ro\u010dn\u00e1 spotreba vody sa odhaduje na takmer 4 000 mili\u00e1rd m<sup>3<\/sup>,<\/li>\n<li>vo vyspel\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch je denn\u00e1 spotreba a\u017e 500 litrov vody na osobu,<\/li>\n<li>na Slovensku je priemern\u00e1 denn\u00e1 spotreba 120 litrov vody na osobu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi spotrebite\u013emi vody okrem dom\u00e1cnosti s\u00fa po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo (70%) a tie\u017e priemysel (22%). Najviac s\u00fa zne\u010disten\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 vody, lebo p\u00f4da do zna\u010dnej miery pln\u00ed funkciu filtra pre podzemn\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n<h3>Zdroje zne\u010distenia vody<\/h3>\n<p>R\u00f4zne v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny, emisie z elektr\u00e1rn\u00ed a tov\u00e1rn\u00ed, smeti a ve\u013ea \u010fal\u0161\u00edch odpadov\u00fdch produktov predstavuj\u00fa l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa zne\u010distenie vody. Znehodnocuj\u00fa \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie, negat\u00edvne p\u00f4sobia na zdravie \u013eud\u00ed, \u0161kodia zvierat\u00e1m i rastlin\u00e1m.<br \/>\nMedzi hlavn\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010distenia vody patria:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>priemyseln\u00e1 v\u00fdroba (ropa a ropn\u00e9 produkty, detergenty, chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky , ortu\u0165, olovo, arz\u00e9n, r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne l\u00e1tky),<\/li>\n<li>po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska v\u00fdroba (pestic\u00eddy, priemyseln\u00e9 hnojiv\u00e1, odpadov\u00e9 vody),<\/li>\n<li>s\u00eddla (tuh\u00fd a kvapaln\u00fd odpad \u2013 spla\u0161ky),<\/li>\n<li>doprava (exhal\u00e1ty, ropn\u00e9 produkty),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tieto odpadov\u00e9 zlo\u017eky s\u00fa ne\u017eiaducim n\u00e1sledkom modern\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu \u017eivota. Samotn\u00e9 zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie nie je ni\u010d\u00edm nov\u00fdm. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je v\u0161ak priemyseln\u00fdch z\u00e1vodov ove\u013ea viac a omnoho \u0161ir\u0161ia je aj \u0161k\u00e1la zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facich l\u00e1tok. Pred zne\u010disten\u00edm neostala uchr\u00e1nen\u00e1 \u017eiadna oblas\u0165 na\u0161ej Zeme, \u010di u\u017e v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, na pevnine alebo vo vode. Mimoriadne zne\u010disten\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00fa hlavne vodn\u00e9 toky te\u010d\u00face ve\u013ek\u00fdmi mestami a to v d\u00f4sledku vysokej koncentr\u00e1cie priemyseln\u00fdch podnikov. Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead sa mo\u017eno zd\u00e1, \u017ee tento probl\u00e9m sa n\u00e1s net\u00fdka. Skuto\u010dnos\u0165 je v\u0161ak in\u00e1, ro\u010dne sa z\u00e1soby pitnej vody zmen\u0161uj\u00fa o 1%. Zne\u010distenie vody sa prejavuje hlavne v zmen\u00e1ch fyzik\u00e1lnych vlastnost\u00ed vody, jej chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia, zmena biologick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje n\u00e1rast v\u00edrusov, bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed, rias a podobne.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00f4sledky zne\u010dis\u0165ovania vody<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>1 tona ropy zne\u010dist\u00ed ropnou \u0161kvrnou plochu a\u017e 10km<sup>2<\/sup> (m\u00e1 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na kvalitu vody a fl\u00f3ru i faunu svetov\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu),<\/li>\n<li>1 liter benz\u00ednu alebo oleja znehodnot\u00ed a\u017e 5 mili\u00f3nov litrov vody,<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1sledkom zni\u017eovania kysl\u00edka vo vode je \u00fahyn r\u00fdb a n\u00e1sledne z\u00e1nik v\u0161etk\u00e9ho \u017eiv\u00e9ho v rieke,<\/li>\n<li>viac ako 1 miliarda \u013eud\u00ed nem\u00e1 pr\u00edstup k zdravotne nez\u00e1vadnej pitnej vode (odhad na rok 2025: a\u017e 3 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed bud\u00fa trpie\u0165 nedostatkom vody),<\/li>\n<li>ohrozenie zdravia \u013eud\u00ed (ka\u017ed\u00fdch 8 sek\u00fand umiera jedno die\u0165a na choroby spojen\u00e9 s nedostatkom vody),<\/li>\n<li>20% sladkovodn\u00fdch druhov r\u00fdb je ohrozen\u00e9 vyhynut\u00edm,&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Svetov\u00e9 katastrofy vyvolan\u00e9 zne\u010disten\u00edm vody<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>1953-1960 (otrava r\u00fdb ortu\u0165ou v z\u00e1toke Minamata v Japonsku sp\u00f4sobila po\u0161kodenie mozgu \u013eud\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>1971 v Podunajsk\u00fdch Buskupiciach sa zdroj pitnej vody kontaminoval ropn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami,<\/li>\n<li>1984 (\u00fanik chemik\u00e1li\u00ed z tov\u00e1rne pri Bh\u00f3pale v Indii zabil 2500 \u013eud\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>1989 (z tankeru uniklo 40 000 ton ropy na pobre\u017eie Alja\u0161ky, kde usmrtilo tis\u00edcky \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov),<\/li>\n<li>1993 (z tankeru uniklo 84 000 ton ropy na pobre\u017eie Shetlandsk\u00fdch ostrovov pri \u0160k\u00f3tsku).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zis\u0165ovanie v\u00fdskytu v\u00f4d a hodnotenie ich stavu zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa podmienky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 na tvorbu koncepci\u00ed trvalo udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edvania v\u00f4d a ich ochrany, na v\u00fdkon \u0161t\u00e1tnej vodnej spr\u00e1vy a na poskytovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed verejnosti.<\/p>\n<h3>Slovensk\u00e9 pokutovan\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Biotika, a. s. (r. 2003) &#8211; sp\u00f4sobila mimoriadne zhor\u0161enie v\u00f4d, ktor\u00e9ho n\u00e1sledkom bol hromadn\u00fd \u00fahyn r\u00fdb v rieke Hron. Pokuta bola udelen\u00e1 vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 2,5 mili\u00f3na slovensk\u00fdch kor\u00fan.<\/li>\n<li>Obec \u0160opor\u0148a (r. 2010) \u2013 nedovolen\u00e9 vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d. Bola jej udelen\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia pokuta v tomto roku \u2013 6 018 \u20ac.<\/li>\n<li>\u017delezni\u010dn\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 CARGO Slovakia dostala pokutu 5 000 \u20ac za nedovolen\u00e9 zaobch\u00e1dzanie so \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi a obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami v ru\u0161\u0148ovom depe v Nov\u00fdch Z\u00e1mkoch.<\/li>\n<li>Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 OKTAN v Ke\u017emarku &#8211; za nedodr\u017eanie z\u00e1kona o prevencii z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch priemyseln\u00fdch hav\u00e1ri\u00ed pokuta 5 000 \u20ac,&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ude\u013eovan\u00e9 pokuty za zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia s\u00fa pr\u00edjmom do Environment\u00e1lneho fondu a sp\u00e4tne sa vracaj\u00fa do tejto oblasti. Slovensk\u00e1 in\u0161pekcia \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia vznikla v roku 1991. <em>\u201eJe odborn\u00fdm kontroln\u00fdm a spr\u00e1vnym org\u00e1nom, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00e9ho Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia SR vykon\u00e1va \u0161t\u00e1tny dozor vo veciach starostlivosti o \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie. Jej kontroln\u00e1 a povo\u013eovacia \u010dinnos\u0165 m\u00e1 nezastupite\u013en\u00fa \u00falohu pri ochrane \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia na Slovensku.\u201c<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/em><br \/>\nZv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 zne\u010distenie so sebou samozrejme prin\u00e1\u0161a aj zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na odstra\u0148ovanie ne\u010dist\u00f4t a prejavuje sa po\u0161kodzovan\u00edm \u013eudsk\u00e9ho zdravia. Vedci e\u0161te st\u00e1le nezistili v\u0161etko o zne\u010dis\u0165ovan\u00ed, no predsa u\u017e vieme dos\u0165 o tom, ako ho mo\u017eno regulova\u0165: d\u00e1 sa zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 napr. op\u00e4tovn\u00fdm spracovan\u00edm odpadu \u010di vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 sa v p\u00f4de rozkladaj\u00fa p\u00f4soben\u00edm mikroorganizmov a podobne.<\/p>\n<h2>Predch\u00e1dzanie zne\u010dis\u0165ovaniu vodstva<\/h2>\n<p>Pre ochranu v\u00f4d a jej ustavi\u010dne vyu\u017e\u00edvanie sa stanovuj\u00fa environment\u00e1lne ciele. Prostredn\u00edctvom t\u00fdchto cie\u013eov sa zabezpe\u010duje zlep\u0161ovanie, obnovovanie v\u00f4d, \u010di dokonca postupn\u00e9 zni\u017eovanie ich zne\u010distenia, a to prostredn\u00edctvom r\u00f4znych opatren\u00ed. Zlep\u0161ovanie a ochrana stavu povrchov\u00fdch, podzemn\u00fdch v\u00f4d a vodn\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov s\u00fa obsiahnut\u00e9 v strategickom dokumente \u2013 Vodn\u00fd pl\u00e1n Slovenska. Je to program opatren\u00ed vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faci z r\u00f4znych anal\u00fdz, ktor\u00fd obsahuje \u00falohy na dosahovanie environment\u00e1lnych cie\u013eov. Medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 opatrenia patria: ochrana vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch zdrojov, zabr\u00e1nenie vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aniu odpadov\u00fdch komun\u00e1lnych a priemyseln\u00fdch v\u00f4d, ochrana v\u00f4d pred zne\u010disten\u00edm po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej \u010dinnosti, zabr\u00e1nenie \u00fanikom nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, prevencia mimoriadneho zhor\u0161ovania v\u00f4d a podobne.<br \/>\n\u00dastredn\u00fd org\u00e1n \u0161t\u00e1tnej spr\u00e1vy zaoberaj\u00faci sa oblas\u0165ou environment\u00e1lnej \u0161kody je Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia SR. Pre druhostup\u0148ov\u00e9 org\u00e1ny ako krajsk\u00e9 \u00farady \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia a prvostup\u0148ov\u00e9 org\u00e1ny ako obvodn\u00e9 \u00farady a z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161etky prev\u00e1dzky spadaj\u00face pod z\u00e1kon integrovanej prevencie a kontroly zne\u010dis\u0165ovania je pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm org\u00e1nom Slovensk\u00e1 in\u0161pekcia \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.<\/p>\n<h3>Organiz\u00e1cie pre ochranu vody<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Environment\u00e1lny fond &#8211; fond zriaden\u00fd na uskuto\u010d\u0148ovanie \u0161t\u00e1tnej podpory starostlivosti o \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie.<\/li>\n<li>\u0160t\u00e1tna ochrana pr\u00edrody Slovenskej republiky &#8211; organiz\u00e1cia s celoslovenskou p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 zabezpe\u010duje odborn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 vo veciach ochrany pr\u00edrody a krajiny.<\/li>\n<li>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia na ochranu pr\u00edrody a pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov &#8211; cie\u013eom je neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161ova\u0165 starostlivos\u0165 o \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie, zdravie a bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 pri v\u00fdrobe a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed chemick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov.<\/li>\n<li>Environment a.s. &#8211; centrum bio\u0161tatistiky a environmentalistiky: sledovanie \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia v okol\u00ed priemyseln\u00fdch podnikov,&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u010clovek vykon\u00e1vaj\u00faci \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 stav vodstva, je povinn\u00fd venova\u0165 potrebn\u00e9 \u00fasilie na jeho uchovanie a ochranu. Majitelia lesn\u00fdch a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych pozemkov, priemyseln\u00fdch podnikov, \u010di r\u00f4znych dopravn\u00fdch prostriedkov, by mali hospod\u00e1ri\u0165 tak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, aby boli zachovan\u00e9 vhodn\u00e9 podmienky na v\u00fdskyt v\u00f4d. S\u00fa tie\u017e povinn\u00ed sna\u017ei\u0165 sa napom\u00e1ha\u0165 zlep\u0161ova\u0165 vodn\u00e9 pomery, zabra\u0148ova\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m, pr\u00edpadne ich zni\u017eova\u0165 a podobne. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pon\u00faka ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo ekologick\u00fdch produktov a to pre r\u00f4zne po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske, priemyseln\u00e9 oblasti, dom\u00e1cnosti, \u010di dopravu i turizmus. S\u00fa zlo\u017een\u00e9 a vyroben\u00e9 tak, aby \u010do najmenej po\u0161kodzovali, \u010di znehodnocovali vodstvo. Napr\u00edklad: tzv. bionafta, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed v naftov\u00fdch motoroch ako nafta vyroben\u00e1 z ropy. Jej spa\u013eovan\u00edm v\u0161ak nevznikaj\u00fa \u017eiadne \u0161kodliv\u00e9 splodiny a nie je nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 ani pri hav\u00e1ri\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee ryby ju dok\u00e1\u017eu skonzumova\u0165. Ur\u010dit\u00fd sp\u00f4sob ochrany by mala prinies\u0165 pr\u00edsna kontrola a \u00fadr\u017eba ropn\u00fdch tankerov. Vo po\u010detn\u00fd pr\u00edpadoch hav\u00e1rie sa dok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee vlastn\u00edci tankerov pustili lo\u010f na more hoci nebola sp\u00f4sobil\u00e1 plavby.<\/p>\n<h3>Opatrenia na predch\u00e1dzanie zne\u010dis\u0165ovaniu vodstva<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Poskytovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a vzdel\u00e1vanie obyvate\u013estva so zameran\u00edm na ekologick\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky<\/li>\n<li>Ozna\u010denia, ktor\u00e9 informuj\u00fa u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov o riziku<\/li>\n<li>Syst\u00e9my pre zber a likvid\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 verejnosti<\/li>\n<li>Recykl\u00e1cia, regener\u00e1cia a op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie<\/li>\n<li>Syst\u00e9m povolen\u00ed, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148a rad obmedzen\u00ed alebo z\u00e1kazov (sledovan\u00e9, kontrolovan\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li>Ur\u010denie ur\u010dit\u00fdch limitov, pr\u00edsnej\u0161ie po\u017eiadavky, po pr\u00edpade z\u00e1kazy<\/li>\n<li>Aplik\u00e1cia najlep\u0161\u00edch dostupn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed, r\u00f4zne \u00fapravy alebo procesy na zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u0161kodliv\u00fdch dopadov z po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych, priemyseln\u00fdch a mestsk\u00fdch zdrojov zne\u010distenia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pri ur\u010dovan\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 kombin\u00e1cia uveden\u00fdch opatren\u00ed znamen\u00e1 najlep\u0161\u00ed ekologick\u00fd postup, by sa mali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 r\u00f4zne s\u00favisiace faktory. V pr\u00edpade podnikov je potrebn\u00e9 bra\u0165 do \u00favahy ekologick\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v\u00fdrobku, jeho v\u00fdroby, pou\u017eitia, \u010di kone\u010dnej likvid\u00e1cie. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je zaobera\u0165 sa tie\u017e ot\u00e1zkou n\u00e1hrady menej zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facimi procesmi alebo l\u00e1tkami, ich potenci\u00e1lnymi v\u00fdhodami a nedostatkami, \u010falej pokrokom a zmenami v oblasti vedeck\u00fdch poznatkov. Zanedbate\u013en\u00e9 by nemalo osta\u0165 ani rie\u0161enie soci\u00e1lnych a ekonomick\u00fdch d\u00f4sledkov.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n<p>Voda automaticky s\u00favis\u00ed od po\u010diatku so \u017eivotom na na\u0161ej plan\u00e9te. Je nenahradite\u013en\u00fd element pre vznik a existenciu \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov, preto by ju malo \u013eudstvo racion\u00e1lne vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165: neplytva\u0165 zdrojmi pitnej vody, nezne\u010dis\u0165ova\u0165 odpadov\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami vodstvo a t\u00fdm nepriamo nar\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 pr\u00edrodn\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s by si mal uvedomi\u0165 nebezpe\u010denstvo, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1m hroz\u00ed a zamyslie\u0165 sa nad ochranou \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.<br \/>\nPre ochranu vody a ustavi\u010dne vyu\u017e\u00edvanie sa stanovuj\u00fa environment\u00e1lne ciele. Pomocou nich sa zabezpe\u010duje zlep\u0161ovanie, obnovovanie v\u00f4d, \u010di dokonca postupn\u00e9 zni\u017eovanie ich zne\u010distenia. \u013dudia vykon\u00e1vaj\u00faci \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 vpl\u00fdva na stav vodstva, s\u00fa povinn\u00ed vlo\u017ei\u0165 potrebn\u00e9 \u00fasilie na jeho uchovanie a ochranu. S\u00fa tie\u017e povinn\u00ed sna\u017ei\u0165 sa napom\u00e1ha\u0165 zlep\u0161ova\u0165 vodn\u00e9 pomery, zabra\u0148ova\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m, pr\u00edpadne ich zni\u017eova\u0165.<br \/>\nPre neust\u00e1le zlep\u0161ovanie stavu vodstva je prospe\u0161n\u00e9 zav\u00e1dza\u0165 si ur\u010dit\u00e9 prevent\u00edvne opatrenia, ktor\u00e9 napom\u00e1haj\u00fa predch\u00e1dza\u0165 jeho zne\u010dis\u0165ovaniu. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu tu zohr\u00e1va bra\u0165 do \u00favahy nielen ekologick\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 svojho konania, ale aj soci\u00e1lne a ekonomick\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky.<\/p>\n<h2>Zoznam pou\u017eitej literat\u00fary<\/h2>\n<h3>Kni\u017en\u00e9 zdroje<\/h3>\n<p>DRDO\u0160, J. \u2013 MICHAELI, E. a kol. 2005. <em>Geoekol\u00f3gia a environmentalistika<\/em>. II. \u010das\u0165. Pre\u0161ov : Pre\u0161ovsk\u00e1 univerzita, 2005. 128s. ISBN 80-8068-343-3.<\/p>\n<h3>Odkazy na www<\/h3>\n<p>http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/www.minzp.sk\/<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/www.seps.sk\/zp\/index.htm<br \/>\n[1] DRDO\u0160, J. \u2013 MICHAELI, E. a kol. 2005. <em>Geoekol\u00f3gia a environmentalistika<\/em>. II. \u010das\u0165. Pre\u0161ov : Pre\u0161ovsk\u00e1 univerzita, 2005. 128s. ISBN 80-8068-343-3. s. 33.<br \/>\n[2] http:\/\/www.minzp.sk\/tlacovy-servis\/tlacove-spravy\/tlacove-spravy-2011\/tlacove-spravy-februar-2011\/na-znecisteni-vody-najviac-podielali-ropne-latky.html<br \/>\n[3] DRDO\u0160, J. \u2013 MICHAELI, E. a kol. 2005. <em>Geoekol\u00f3gia a environmentalistika<\/em>. II. \u010das\u0165. Pre\u0161ov : Pre\u0161ovsk\u00e1 univerzita, 2005. 128s. ISBN 80-8068-343-3. s. 33.<br \/>\n[4] http:\/\/www.minzp.sk\/tlacovy-servis\/tlacove-spravy\/tlacove-spravy-2011\/tlacove-spravy-februar-2011\/na-znecisteni-vody-najviac-podielali-ropne-latky.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00davod Vodstvo Zeme zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etku vodu s\u00fastreden\u00fa v oce\u00e1noch, moriach, riekach, jazer\u00e1ch, \u013eadovcoch, v st\u00e1lej snehovej pokr\u00fdvke, v hornin\u00e1ch, v atmosf\u00e9re, ale aj v \u017eiv\u00fdch &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":24813,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[549,560],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pracujem","category-vyroba"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00fdrobn\u00fd mana\u017ement, vodstvo a ochrana pred zne\u010disten\u00edm v\u00f4d<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hydrosf\u00e9ra a zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie vody v d\u00f4sledku v\u00fdroby na Slovensku a vo svete. 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